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A Level Geography > Carbon Facts > Flashcards

Carbon Facts Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a petagram

A

1 petagram aka 1 gigatonne = 1 trillion kilograms or 1 billion tonnes

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2
Q

how long does it take carbon to enter and leave rocks and sediments in the geological cycle

A

100,000years

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3
Q

how old are some of the fossil fuels we use today

A

up to 300 million

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4
Q

how many tonnes of carbon are stored in the UKs fossil fuels

A

143 billion tonnes

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5
Q

how long does it take for carbon to move between rocks, soil, ocean and atmosphere

A

100-200 million years

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6
Q

how much CO2 was emitted each day by the icelandic volcanic eruption in 2010

A

150,000 - 300,000 tonnes

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7
Q

what % did the icelandic eruption contribute to global emissions of GHGs in 2010

A

0.3%

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8
Q

how many active surface volcanos are there

A

70

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9
Q

how much energy does carbon provide worldwide

A

30%

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10
Q

how much CO2 was released by degassing in 1992

A

100 million tonnes

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11
Q

how much carbon do volcanoes emit annually

A

0.15 - 0.26 Gt (300 million tonnes)

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12
Q

how much carbon do humans emit annually

A

35Gt

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13
Q

In the oceans today, what % of carbon- containing rock is from shell building (calcifying) organisms (corals) and plankton ``

A

80%

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14
Q

How much CO2 does phytoplankton sequester each year to the deep ocean

A

2 billion tonnes

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15
Q

how many carbon compounds have been discovered

A

10 million

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16
Q

how much of carbon makes up the earths atmosphere

A

0.03%

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17
Q

how much of the total active pool of carbon is stored in the ocean

A

95%

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18
Q

how much larger is the ocean as a carbon store than the atmosphere

A

50 times larger

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19
Q

how much of the carbon in the oceans is stored in undersea algae, plants and coral

A

93% the remainder is in dissolved form

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20
Q

what are the UK current emissions of CO2

A

530 million tonnes of CO2

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21
Q

what percentage of carbon dioxide makes up the earths atmosphere

A

0.04%

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22
Q

what have CO2 concentration risen to and from over the past decade?

A

from 25% to 39%

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23
Q

how much CO2 does each person generate each year

A

2.3 tonnes of CO2 a year

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24
Q

how is the majority of carbon stored in oceans

A

dissolved inorganic carbon

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25
Q

how important is carbon in living organisms

A

second most abundant substance in living organisms besides water

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26
Q

by the end of the centuary, how much is the earth temeperature expected to rise by

A

4 degrees c

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27
Q

how much has atmospheric CO2 increased by in the last 300 years

A

40%

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28
Q

list reasons why human activity has affected the carbon cycle

A

burning fossil fuels, deforestation and carbon sequestration

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29
Q

a rise of 1.5 degrees will put what percentage of species of species at risk of extinction

A

20-30%

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30
Q

by 2080 shifting temperature may reduce bird habitats in N. America, which would affect how many species?

A

314

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31
Q

how much of the global carbon is stored in soils

A

20-30%

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32
Q

since 1850, how much carbon have soils lost due to cultivation and disturbance

A

40-90 billion tonnes

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33
Q

what % of global carbon emissions come from cement production

A

6%

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34
Q

how much carbon do peatlands store

A

550 Gt - twice as much as forest biomass combined

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35
Q

carbon remains in the atmosphere for how many years

A

2000 but i think its 200

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36
Q

what does energy mix mean

A

the proportion of each primary energy resource a country uses per year/ what energy types make up a country’s energy use

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37
Q

what does energy pathway mean

A

describes the flow of energy between the producer and consumer ie. the journey it takes

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38
Q

what % of fossil fuels account for the worlds energy mix

A

86%

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39
Q

what % of the worlds energy consumption is consumed in cities

A

75%

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40
Q

how much carbon does london generate per year

A

1.7 million tonnes/ 1.8 tonnes per capita

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41
Q

how much less is frances energy consumption compared to the USA’s

A

one - tenth less

42
Q

what % of the USA’s energy mix is made up of fossil fuels

A

80%

43
Q

how much renewable energy makes up USA’s energy mix

A

10%

44
Q

how much nuclear power makes up USA’s energy mix?

A

8%

45
Q

how much energy does the USA import

A

15%

46
Q

what % of frances energy mix is made up of fossil fuels

A

50%

47
Q

how much renewable energy makes up frances energy mix

A

10%

48
Q

how much nuclear energy makes up frances energy mix

A

40%

49
Q

how much energy does france import

A

46%

50
Q

what is the population of USA

A

318.9 million

51
Q

what is the population of france

A

64.6 million

52
Q

in the third quarter of 2019, which non-renewable energy source had the biggest % in the UKs energy mix and what was the %

A

natural gas - 38%

53
Q

in 2019, how much did the amount of power generated by coal fall by

A

3%

54
Q

how long is the Nord stream pipeline running from russia to germany

A

1200km

55
Q

the russian firm gazprom exports what % of their natural gas to europe

A

80%

56
Q

how much of the world’s oil is moved by tankers travelling on fixed shipping routes

A

50%

57
Q

how much of the world’s oil travels through 39km wide straight of Hormuz?

A

20%

58
Q

what is a choke point

A

a narrow area which could easily be blocked or threatened, making energy prices vulnerable to change

59
Q

OPEC is made up of how many countries

A

12

60
Q

OPEC owns how much of the worlds oil reserves

A

two-thirds

61
Q

what % of know Tar sands stock does Canada have?

A

73%

62
Q

what % of known oil shale stock does the USA have

A

77%

63
Q

what is the predicted to be the most used fossil fuel in 2030 and how much will be produced

A

unconventional gas - 10 million barrels equivalent per day

64
Q

how many years worth of coal does the UK have?

A

150

65
Q

what is the name of the nuclear power station that would provide 7% of the UKs electricity

A

hinkley point C

66
Q

what three approaches are there for radical technology

A

hydrogen fuel cells, electric cars and carbon capture

67
Q

what does CCS stand for

A

carbon capture and storage

68
Q

what % of rainforest has indonesia lost in the past 25 years?

A

25%

69
Q

what % of temperate forests were deforested by the 19th centuary

A

90%

70
Q

how many hectares of land are deforested annually

A

13 million ha

71
Q

what % of deforested occurs because of soy, palm oil, beef and paper production

A

50%

72
Q

what are the two methods used for deforestation

A

clear cutting and slash and burn

73
Q

what are the three reasons for increasing deforestation rates in madagascar

A

expanding population, demand for hardwoods and debt repayments

74
Q

madagascar is the wolrds primary supplier of what commodity

A

vanilla pods

75
Q

how long is Chinas three-north shelterbelt project

A

4,500km

76
Q

what is the purpose of chinas three-north shelterbelt project

A

to reduce desertification

77
Q

when did the biofuel rush occur in the american midwest

A

2007-2015

78
Q

how many hectares of natural grassland disappeared because of the american midwest fuel rush

A

5.5 million

79
Q

the amazon basin is responsible for % of the total terrestrial vegetation carbon store

A

17%

80
Q

in 2005 droughts, how much CO2 was released from amazon basin

A

5 billion tonnes

81
Q

in the 2010 droughts how much CO2 was released from the amazon basin

A

8 billion tonnes

82
Q

how much palm oil is produced annually in indonesia

A

66 million tonnes

83
Q

which country did indonesia overtake in 2015 in terms of GHGs

A

USA

84
Q

roughly how many formal and informal jobs are provided from forests globally

A

13.2 million formal

41 million informal

85
Q

how much money did indonesias ‘forest moratorium’ get from the UN and Norwegian government

A

$1 billion

86
Q

what % of Uk land was forested in 2016

A

13%

87
Q

how much more acidic are our oceans compared to 1750

A

30%

88
Q

what is the ideal water temperature range for coral

A

23-29 degrees

89
Q

what gives coral its colour

A

algae

90
Q

how big is the great barrier reef

A

1,400 miles

91
Q

how many mass bleaching events have occurred on the great barrier reef between 2015 and 2020

A

3

92
Q

what % of marine species do coral reefs shelter

A

25%

93
Q

in the past few decades how much faster has the average Arctic temperatures risen compared to the global average

A

twice as fast

94
Q

in yukon what was the % of the total ice area that shrank between 1958 and 2008 ?

A

22%

95
Q

inflows to the yukon river has increased by what % since 2000

A

39%

96
Q

how much carbon do mangroves sequester per hectare, per year

A

1.5 tonnes

97
Q

what % of global mangrove forests has been lost since 1950

A

50%

98
Q

A 4 degree warming causes a loss of what % from soil organic carbon of: shallow peat; deep peat

A

shallow peat - 40%

deep peat - 86%

99
Q

in what year was the paris climate agreement adopted

A

2016

100
Q

how many countries agreed to the paris climate agreement

A

195

101
Q

in what year was the Kyoto protocol adopted

A

1997

A Level Geography (12 decks)

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