Carbon Facts Flashcards
what is a petagram
1 petagram aka 1 gigatonne = 1 trillion kilograms or 1 billion tonnes
how long does it take carbon to enter and leave rocks and sediments in the geological cycle
100,000years
how old are some of the fossil fuels we use today
up to 300 million
how many tonnes of carbon are stored in the UKs fossil fuels
143 billion tonnes
how long does it take for carbon to move between rocks, soil, ocean and atmosphere
100-200 million years
how much CO2 was emitted each day by the icelandic volcanic eruption in 2010
150,000 - 300,000 tonnes
what % did the icelandic eruption contribute to global emissions of GHGs in 2010
0.3%
how many active surface volcanos are there
70
how much energy does carbon provide worldwide
30%
how much CO2 was released by degassing in 1992
100 million tonnes
how much carbon do volcanoes emit annually
0.15 - 0.26 Gt (300 million tonnes)
how much carbon do humans emit annually
35Gt
In the oceans today, what % of carbon- containing rock is from shell building (calcifying) organisms (corals) and plankton ``
80%
How much CO2 does phytoplankton sequester each year to the deep ocean
2 billion tonnes
how many carbon compounds have been discovered
10 million
how much of carbon makes up the earths atmosphere
0.03%
how much of the total active pool of carbon is stored in the ocean
95%
how much larger is the ocean as a carbon store than the atmosphere
50 times larger
how much of the carbon in the oceans is stored in undersea algae, plants and coral
93% the remainder is in dissolved form
what are the UK current emissions of CO2
530 million tonnes of CO2
what percentage of carbon dioxide makes up the earths atmosphere
0.04%
what have CO2 concentration risen to and from over the past decade?
from 25% to 39%
how much CO2 does each person generate each year
2.3 tonnes of CO2 a year
how is the majority of carbon stored in oceans
dissolved inorganic carbon
how important is carbon in living organisms
second most abundant substance in living organisms besides water
by the end of the centuary, how much is the earth temeperature expected to rise by
4 degrees c
how much has atmospheric CO2 increased by in the last 300 years
40%
list reasons why human activity has affected the carbon cycle
burning fossil fuels, deforestation and carbon sequestration
a rise of 1.5 degrees will put what percentage of species of species at risk of extinction
20-30%
by 2080 shifting temperature may reduce bird habitats in N. America, which would affect how many species?
314
how much of the global carbon is stored in soils
20-30%
since 1850, how much carbon have soils lost due to cultivation and disturbance
40-90 billion tonnes
what % of global carbon emissions come from cement production
6%
how much carbon do peatlands store
550 Gt - twice as much as forest biomass combined
carbon remains in the atmosphere for how many years
2000 but i think its 200
what does energy mix mean
the proportion of each primary energy resource a country uses per year/ what energy types make up a country’s energy use
what does energy pathway mean
describes the flow of energy between the producer and consumer ie. the journey it takes
what % of fossil fuels account for the worlds energy mix
86%
what % of the worlds energy consumption is consumed in cities
75%
how much carbon does london generate per year
1.7 million tonnes/ 1.8 tonnes per capita
how much less is frances energy consumption compared to the USA’s
one - tenth less
what % of the USA’s energy mix is made up of fossil fuels
80%
how much renewable energy makes up USA’s energy mix
10%
how much nuclear power makes up USA’s energy mix?
8%
how much energy does the USA import
15%
what % of frances energy mix is made up of fossil fuels
50%
how much renewable energy makes up frances energy mix
10%
how much nuclear energy makes up frances energy mix
40%
how much energy does france import
46%
what is the population of USA
318.9 million
what is the population of france
64.6 million
in the third quarter of 2019, which non-renewable energy source had the biggest % in the UKs energy mix and what was the %
natural gas - 38%
in 2019, how much did the amount of power generated by coal fall by
3%
how long is the Nord stream pipeline running from russia to germany
1200km
the russian firm gazprom exports what % of their natural gas to europe
80%
how much of the world’s oil is moved by tankers travelling on fixed shipping routes
50%
how much of the world’s oil travels through 39km wide straight of Hormuz?
20%
what is a choke point
a narrow area which could easily be blocked or threatened, making energy prices vulnerable to change
OPEC is made up of how many countries
12
OPEC owns how much of the worlds oil reserves
two-thirds
what % of know Tar sands stock does Canada have?
73%
what % of known oil shale stock does the USA have
77%
what is the predicted to be the most used fossil fuel in 2030 and how much will be produced
unconventional gas - 10 million barrels equivalent per day
how many years worth of coal does the UK have?
150
what is the name of the nuclear power station that would provide 7% of the UKs electricity
hinkley point C
what three approaches are there for radical technology
hydrogen fuel cells, electric cars and carbon capture
what does CCS stand for
carbon capture and storage
what % of rainforest has indonesia lost in the past 25 years?
25%
what % of temperate forests were deforested by the 19th centuary
90%
how many hectares of land are deforested annually
13 million ha
what % of deforested occurs because of soy, palm oil, beef and paper production
50%
what are the two methods used for deforestation
clear cutting and slash and burn
what are the three reasons for increasing deforestation rates in madagascar
expanding population, demand for hardwoods and debt repayments
madagascar is the wolrds primary supplier of what commodity
vanilla pods
how long is Chinas three-north shelterbelt project
4,500km
what is the purpose of chinas three-north shelterbelt project
to reduce desertification
when did the biofuel rush occur in the american midwest
2007-2015
how many hectares of natural grassland disappeared because of the american midwest fuel rush
5.5 million
the amazon basin is responsible for % of the total terrestrial vegetation carbon store
17%
in 2005 droughts, how much CO2 was released from amazon basin
5 billion tonnes
in the 2010 droughts how much CO2 was released from the amazon basin
8 billion tonnes
how much palm oil is produced annually in indonesia
66 million tonnes
which country did indonesia overtake in 2015 in terms of GHGs
USA
roughly how many formal and informal jobs are provided from forests globally
13.2 million formal
41 million informal
how much money did indonesias ‘forest moratorium’ get from the UN and Norwegian government
$1 billion
what % of Uk land was forested in 2016
13%
how much more acidic are our oceans compared to 1750
30%
what is the ideal water temperature range for coral
23-29 degrees
what gives coral its colour
algae
how big is the great barrier reef
1,400 miles
how many mass bleaching events have occurred on the great barrier reef between 2015 and 2020
3
what % of marine species do coral reefs shelter
25%
in the past few decades how much faster has the average Arctic temperatures risen compared to the global average
twice as fast
in yukon what was the % of the total ice area that shrank between 1958 and 2008 ?
22%
inflows to the yukon river has increased by what % since 2000
39%
how much carbon do mangroves sequester per hectare, per year
1.5 tonnes
what % of global mangrove forests has been lost since 1950
50%
A 4 degree warming causes a loss of what % from soil organic carbon of: shallow peat; deep peat
shallow peat - 40%
deep peat - 86%
in what year was the paris climate agreement adopted
2016
how many countries agreed to the paris climate agreement
195
in what year was the Kyoto protocol adopted
1997
