tectonics EQ3

Question 1

describe some tectonic disaster trends since 1960

Answer 1

1) number of reported deaths has decreased since 2012
2) the number of people affected is increasing
3) economic damage is increasing as world gets wealthier

Question 2

name three economic impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Answer 2

1- infrastructure damage
2- Thailand’s tourism industry lost US$25 million each month
3- total economic cost US$10 billion

Question 3

name three numerical human impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Answer 3

230,000 deaths
1,700,000 homeless
120,000 jobs lost

Question 4

name 3 economic impacts of the 2010 eyjafjallajokull eruption

Answer 4

• more tourism as it is now a landmark
• ash clogged aircrady to many flights cancelled and airlines lost US$1.7 billion in revenues
• roads destroyed and washed away
• total economic cost of US$3billion

Question 5

name 3 human impacts of 2010 eyjafjallajokull eruption

Answer 5

homes destroyed
flights cancelled
10 million passengers affected

Question 6

name 3-5 economic impacts of 2011 Tohoku tsubami in Japan

Answer 6

• Fukushima nuclear power plant damaged and leaking radiation. 20 km exclusion zone
• economic cost US$240 billion
• infrastructure damage over 2000 roads destroyed
• Japan shut down all 44 reactors temporarily, prompting Germany to abandon nuclear energy

Question 7

name 3 human impacts of 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan

Answer 7

20,000 dead
131,000 homeless
nuclear emergency and energy crisis

Question 8

what country is the example of a multiple hazard zone

Answer 8

The Phillipines

Question 9

what is a multiple hazard zone?

Answer 9

places where a number of physical hazards to combine an increased level of risk and vulnerability. Identifying MHZs is important as it helps decision makers to understand regions and take action.

Question 10

what is a hydrometeorological event

Answer 10

natural hazard caused by climate processes such as droughts, floods, hurricanes, and storms.

Question 11

explain the physical vulnerabilities that make the Philippines a MHZ

Answer 11

• convergent plate boundary
• many tropical cyclones
• N and E coast face Pacific Ocean which is tsunami prone
• in typhoon belt = flooding and heavy annual rainfall
• close to ring of fire
• 22 active volcanos
• landslides common due to topography and deforestation

Question 12

explain the human vulnerabilities that make the Philippines a MHZ

Answer 12

• Rapidly developing LIC = rapid urbanisation and a high pop. density
• poorer pop. are coastal and more tsunami prone
• 25% of pop. in poverty
  -low doctor:patient ratio
• $4700 GDP is low so can’t spend on safe infrastructure and disaster prep

Question 13

what is prediction in terms of tectonics? (role of scientists)

Answer 13

knowing when or where a natural hazard will strike on a spatial and temporal scale that can be acted on meaningfully in terms of evacuation and preparation

Question 14

what is forecasting in terms of tectonics? (role of scientists)

Answer 14

less precise than prediction, provides a percentage chance of a hazard occurring (e.g. a 20% chance of a magnitude 7.0 quake in the next 20 years)

Question 15

outline the prediction and forecasting of an earthquake, include reference to seismic gaps

Answer 15

prediction: not possible
forecasting: only in high risk areas likely to get severe ground shaking and liquefaction can apply this risk to land-use zoning. ‘seismic gaps’ are areas that have not experienced an earthquake for a while and are overdue.

Question 16

outline the prediction process of a volcanic eruption

Answer 16

Prediction: sophisticated monitoring equipment to measure changed in magma chambers and gas emissions. Tiltmeters and strain meters record bulging in the chamber, seismometers record minor earthquakes indicating magma movement. Gas spectrometers analyse the gas emissions which can indicate the eruption

Question 17

outline the prediction of a tsunami

Answer 17

can be partly predicted. Earthquake induced tsunamis can’t be predicted. Seismometers can tell an earthquake occured and can locate it, ocean monitoring earthquake can detect tsunami in open sea. areas can then be evacuated to reach high land before tsunami hits.

Question 18

what profile shows the importance of stages in hazard management?

Answer 18

the hazard management cycle

Question 19

name the four stages in the hazard management cycle

Answer 19

mitigation, preparation, response, recovery.

Question 20

outline the four stages of the hazard management cycle

Answer 20

Preparation: emergency kits, evac routes, publicity, early warning systems
Response: saving lives, food, water, shelter, search and rescue efforts, ongoing vital services.
Recovery: clean up, rebuild, power and water supplies, finance support, re-opening businesses and schools
Mitigation: identifying hazards, land use zoning, building codes, tsunami walls

Question 21

assess the hazard management cycle

Answer 21

PROS: emphasises prep before, can assess how successful management has been, reduced stress, lays out what should happen
CONS: more applicable to HICs who have the resources to take these measures, generic and unquantifiable, doesn’t show the barriers to each measure

Question 22

what model compares the response curve of hazard events at different stages after a hazard event. Can be used to directly compare how countries with different development levels react to a hazard.

Answer 22

Park’s model

Question 23

what are the three R phases of Park’s model?

Answer 23

Relief Phase: immediate response, focus on saving lives and property
Rehabilitation Phase: efforts to restore physical structures
Reconstruction Phase: permanent changes to restore quality of life and economic stability to pre-disaster standards or better.

Question 24

evaluate Park’s model

Answer 24

PROS: considers entire hazard management cycle, encourages the identification and prioritisation of action, which ensures resources are used effectively
CONS: too general, lack of context, emphasis on evidence-based practices may limit inclusion of local knowledge, reduces community engagement, doesn’t address issues of inequity, social justice

Question 25

name 5 strategies to modify a hazard event

Answer 25

land use zoning
hazard resist design
engineering defences
GIS mapping
diversion of lava flows

Question 26

what is hazard mitigation?

Answer 26

strategies used to avoid, delay, or prevent hazard events

Question 27

what is land use zoning?

Answer 27

Local governments regulate how land in a community may be used. Using hazard maps to make appropriate judgements of land use. High risk areas have fewer settlements, nuclear power plants won’t be approved here. Rarer in LICs and MICs

Question 28

what is hazard resist design?

Answer 28

designing and contructing structures which can withstand hazard events more effectively. Structures can be designed to withstand ground shaking, roofs of houses near volcanoes have sloped roofs to shed ash, buildings anchored to foundations in tsunami regions

Question 29

what are engineering defences

Answer 29

sea walls, tsunami walls

Question 30

what is GIS mapping?

Answer 30

to identify where evac routes should be, to help with rescue efforts, to help aid agencies locate helipads or airfields where they can land and provide aid.

Question 31

what is the diversion of lava flows?

Answer 31

a technique to mitigate a hazard event by building barriers digging channels to divert flows in different directions.

Question 32

who are the key players in modifying hazard events?

Answer 32

engineers, planners, local governmant, aid workers, construction workers, architects

Question 33

name 5 strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience

Answer 33

High-tech monitoring
Crisis mapping
Modelling hazard impact
Education
Community preparedness
Adaptation

Question 34

what is high-tech monitoring?

Answer 34

A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by using technological monitoring for volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis to allow scientists to learn more about the processes. Includes GIS, satellite communication, mobile phones, early warning systems

Question 35

what is crisis mapping?

Answer 35

A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by using crowd-sourced information as well as satellite imagery to accurately map areas struck by disaster. Aid agencies use crisis mapping before a disaster begins and in the immediate response

Question 36

what is modelling hazard impact

Answer 36

A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by using computer models to allow scientists to predict hazard impacts. Computer systems can model the effects of a disaster and allow the comparison of different scenarios. this can be used to help decision makers to help develop plans and strategies.

Question 37

what is education in terms of modifying resilience and vulnerability?

Answer 37

A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by increasing awareness to reduce vul. Public education helps people understand. what they can do to protect themselves during and after a hazard event. Regularly practising emergency procedures, encouraging emergency preparedness kits, information on constructing buildings to withstand earthquake

Question 38

what is community preparedness in terms of modifying resilience and vulnerability?

Answer 38

A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by using local knowledge, creating a list of vulnerable people, organising evacuation drills, providing first aid courses etc.

Question 39

what is adaptation in terms of modifying resilience and vulnerability?

Answer 39

A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by moving out of harms way and relocating to a safe area to increase survival chance

Question 40

what is emergency aid?

Answer 40

a strategy to modify loss by providing life sustaining products like food, clean water, shelter

Question 41

what is short-term aid?

Answer 41

a strategy to modify loss by restoring water supplies, temporary shelter. Sustaining life until long-term help is available. However is it high cost, difficult to distribute in isolated areas, and services are limited.

Question 42

what is long term aid?

Answer 42

A strategy to modify loss by reconstructing buildings and infrastructure, redeveloping the economy, managing programmes to reduce impact of future disasters. Can increase future resilience.

Question 43

what is the role of NGOs in modifying loss

Answer 43

Important in settings where local governments are struggling to respond or don’t have the resources to do so. NGOs can provide funds, co-ordinate seach efforts, develop reconstruction plans.

Question 44

what is the role of insurance companies in modifying loss?

Answer 44

Natural disasters are expensive, the econnomic costs can be detrimental. Insurance coverage helps communities recover from disaster, providing individuals and businesses with the money they need to rebuild and repair.

Question 45

what is the role of communities in modifying loss?

Answer 45

Locals respond the quickest and play a major role in recovery. They are crucial for immediate search and rescue efforts. In remote communities, it takes days for aid to arrive so locals have to undertake recovery measures themselves.