tectonics EQ3 Flashcards
describe some tectonic disaster trends since 1960
1) number of reported deaths has decreased since 2012
2) the number of people affected is increasing
3) economic damage is increasing as world gets wealthier
name three economic impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
1- infrastructure damage
2- Thailand’s tourism industry lost US$25 million each month
3- total economic cost US$10 billion
name three numerical human impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
230,000 deaths
1,700,000 homeless
120,000 jobs lost
name 3 economic impacts of the 2010 eyjafjallajokull eruption
- more tourism as it is now a landmark
- ash clogged aircrady to many flights cancelled and airlines lost US$1.7 billion in revenues
- roads destroyed and washed away
- total economic cost of US$3billion
name 3 human impacts of 2010 eyjafjallajokull eruption
homes destroyed
flights cancelled
10 million passengers affected
name 3-5 economic impacts of 2011 Tohoku tsubami in Japan
- Fukushima nuclear power plant damaged and leaking radiation. 20 km exclusion zone
- economic cost US$240 billion
- infrastructure damage over 2000 roads destroyed
- Japan shut down all 44 reactors temporarily, prompting Germany to abandon nuclear energy
name 3 human impacts of 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan
20,000 dead
131,000 homeless
nuclear emergency and energy crisis
what country is the example of a multiple hazard zone
The Phillipines
what is a multiple hazard zone?
places where a number of physical hazards to combine an increased level of risk and vulnerability. Identifying MHZs is important as it helps decision makers to understand regions and take action.
what is a hydrometeorological event
natural hazard caused by climate processes such as droughts, floods, hurricanes, and storms.
explain the physical vulnerabilities that make the Philippines a MHZ
- convergent plate boundary
- many tropical cyclones
- N and E coast face Pacific Ocean which is tsunami prone
- in typhoon belt = flooding and heavy annual rainfall
- close to ring of fire
- 22 active volcanos
- landslides common due to topography and deforestation
explain the human vulnerabilities that make the Philippines a MHZ
- Rapidly developing LIC = rapid urbanisation and a high pop. density
- poorer pop. are coastal and more tsunami prone
- 25% of pop. in poverty
-low doctor:patient ratio - $4700 GDP is low so can’t spend on safe infrastructure and disaster prep
what is prediction in terms of tectonics? (role of scientists)
knowing when or where a natural hazard will strike on a spatial and temporal scale that can be acted on meaningfully in terms of evacuation and preparation
what is forecasting in terms of tectonics? (role of scientists)
less precise than prediction, provides a percentage chance of a hazard occurring (e.g. a 20% chance of a magnitude 7.0 quake in the next 20 years)
outline the prediction and forecasting of an earthquake, include reference to seismic gaps
prediction: not possible
forecasting: only in high risk areas likely to get severe ground shaking and liquefaction can apply this risk to land-use zoning. ‘seismic gaps’ are areas that have not experienced an earthquake for a while and are overdue.
outline the prediction process of a volcanic eruption
Prediction: sophisticated monitoring equipment to measure changed in magma chambers and gas emissions. Tiltmeters and strain meters record bulging in the chamber, seismometers record minor earthquakes indicating magma movement. Gas spectrometers analyse the gas emissions which can indicate the eruption
outline the prediction of a tsunami
can be partly predicted. Earthquake induced tsunamis can’t be predicted. Seismometers can tell an earthquake occured and can locate it, ocean monitoring earthquake can detect tsunami in open sea. areas can then be evacuated to reach high land before tsunami hits.
what profile shows the importance of stages in hazard management?
the hazard management cycle
name the four stages in the hazard management cycle
mitigation, preparation, response, recovery.
outline the four stages of the hazard management cycle
Preparation: emergency kits, evac routes, publicity, early warning systems
Response: saving lives, food, water, shelter, search and rescue efforts, ongoing vital services.
Recovery: clean up, rebuild, power and water supplies, finance support, re-opening businesses and schools
Mitigation: identifying hazards, land use zoning, building codes, tsunami walls
assess the hazard management cycle
PROS: emphasises prep before, can assess how successful management has been, reduced stress, lays out what should happen
CONS: more applicable to HICs who have the resources to take these measures, generic and unquantifiable, doesn’t show the barriers to each measure
what model compares the response curve of hazard events at different stages after a hazard event. Can be used to directly compare how countries with different development levels react to a hazard.
Park’s model
what are the three R phases of Park’s model?
Relief Phase: immediate response, focus on saving lives and property
Rehabilitation Phase: efforts to restore physical structures
Reconstruction Phase: permanent changes to restore quality of life and economic stability to pre-disaster standards or better.
evaluate Park’s model
PROS: considers entire hazard management cycle, encourages the identification and prioritisation of action, which ensures resources are used effectively
CONS: too general, lack of context, emphasis on evidence-based practices may limit inclusion of local knowledge, reduces community engagement, doesn’t address issues of inequity, social justice
name 5 strategies to modify a hazard event
land use zoning
hazard resist design
engineering defences
GIS mapping
diversion of lava flows
what is hazard mitigation?
strategies used to avoid, delay, or prevent hazard events
what is land use zoning?
Local governments regulate how land in a community may be used. Using hazard maps to make appropriate judgements of land use. High risk areas have fewer settlements, nuclear power plants won’t be approved here. Rarer in LICs and MICs
what is hazard resist design?
designing and contructing structures which can withstand hazard events more effectively. Structures can be designed to withstand ground shaking, roofs of houses near volcanoes have sloped roofs to shed ash, buildings anchored to foundations in tsunami regions
what are engineering defences
sea walls, tsunami walls
what is GIS mapping?
to identify where evac routes should be, to help with rescue efforts, to help aid agencies locate helipads or airfields where they can land and provide aid.
what is the diversion of lava flows?
a technique to mitigate a hazard event by building barriers digging channels to divert flows in different directions.
who are the key players in modifying hazard events?
engineers, planners, local governmant, aid workers, construction workers, architects
name 5 strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience
High-tech monitoring
Crisis mapping
Modelling hazard impact
Education
Community preparedness
Adaptation
what is high-tech monitoring?
A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by using technological monitoring for volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis to allow scientists to learn more about the processes. Includes GIS, satellite communication, mobile phones, early warning systems
what is crisis mapping?
A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by using crowd-sourced information as well as satellite imagery to accurately map areas struck by disaster. Aid agencies use crisis mapping before a disaster begins and in the immediate response
what is modelling hazard impact
A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by using computer models to allow scientists to predict hazard impacts. Computer systems can model the effects of a disaster and allow the comparison of different scenarios. this can be used to help decision makers to help develop plans and strategies.
what is education in terms of modifying resilience and vulnerability?
A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by increasing awareness to reduce vul. Public education helps people understand. what they can do to protect themselves during and after a hazard event. Regularly practising emergency procedures, encouraging emergency preparedness kits, information on constructing buildings to withstand earthquake
what is community preparedness in terms of modifying resilience and vulnerability?
A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by using local knowledge, creating a list of vulnerable people, organising evacuation drills, providing first aid courses etc.
what is adaptation in terms of modifying resilience and vulnerability?
A strategy to modify vulnerability and resilience by moving out of harms way and relocating to a safe area to increase survival chance
what is emergency aid?
a strategy to modify loss by providing life sustaining products like food, clean water, shelter
what is short-term aid?
a strategy to modify loss by restoring water supplies, temporary shelter. Sustaining life until long-term help is available. However is it high cost, difficult to distribute in isolated areas, and services are limited.
what is long term aid?
A strategy to modify loss by reconstructing buildings and infrastructure, redeveloping the economy, managing programmes to reduce impact of future disasters. Can increase future resilience.
what is the role of NGOs in modifying loss
Important in settings where local governments are struggling to respond or don’t have the resources to do so. NGOs can provide funds, co-ordinate seach efforts, develop reconstruction plans.
what is the role of insurance companies in modifying loss?
Natural disasters are expensive, the econnomic costs can be detrimental. Insurance coverage helps communities recover from disaster, providing individuals and businesses with the money they need to rebuild and repair.
what is the role of communities in modifying loss?
Locals respond the quickest and play a major role in recovery. They are crucial for immediate search and rescue efforts. In remote communities, it takes days for aid to arrive so locals have to undertake recovery measures themselves.
