regeneration

Question 1

what is the primary sector

Answer 1

The extraction of raw materials or natural resources e.g. mining, forestry, farming

Question 2

what is the secondary sector

Answer 2

Manufacturing raw materials from the primary sector into a manufactured product e.g. food processing, textile production, handicraft

Question 3

what is the tertiary sector?

Answer 3

Providing servicese.g. banking, insurance, transport, police, healthcare, education

Question 4

what is the quaternary sector?

Answer 4

Focus on knowledge based industries- rely on people more than physical inputs. E.g. ICT, research, development, consultancy, project management

Question 5

what is the quinary sector

Answer 5

Highest level decision making- e.g. government, science, universities

Question 6

explain the clark fisher model

Answer 6

shows the stages of economic sector balance in development
- pre industrial
- industrial
- post industrial

Question 7

what is an endogenous factor

Answer 7

originate from within the place and are local like land use, topography, physical geography, infrastructure, demographic characteristics, built environment, location, economic characteristics

Question 8

what in an exogenous factor

Answer 8

from outside a place and provide links and relationships with and to other places. Commonly referred to as flows of people, resources, ideas, money and investment

Question 9

what are the four functions of a place

Answer 9

administrative
commercial
retail
industrial

Question 10

what is an administrative function

Answer 10

make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas. Tend to be cities and towns that influence the borough/ region surrounding them

Question 11

what is a commercial function?

Answer 11

location with a strong business influences, many TNCs have bases here, large volume businesses

Question 12

what is a retail function?

Answer 12

town or city with attractive markets, shopping centres, and unique shops. Main source of income and employment

Question 13

what is an industrial function?

Answer 13

economy and reputation is predominantly based on its industrial capacity. For example, Birmingham was historically known as the Black Country, for its large industries of iron & steel works

Question 14

what are some demographic change examples

Answer 14

age structure, ethnic composition, gentrification

Question 15

what is gentrification?

Answer 15

the change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location. Planners may allow developers to upgrade a place’s characteristics, residential and retail to deliberately attract people with higher income. This increases rent and property prices

Question 16

what is studentification?

Answer 16

students cluster in certain areas of larger towns and cities around universities. absence during most holidays and possible ant-social behaviour causes conflicts. Students outnumber local residents, e.g. Queen’s university, Belfast where 50% of housing around the campus is student occupied. However students are contributing to the economy by using local services.

Question 17

why did East Londons function have to change

Answer 17

original London docklands in East London can’t facilitate growing container ships. The last closed in 1981. In this time, 12,000 jobs were lost, docks were abandoned and derelict, local industries closed due to inability to export via the dock, population of the area declined, in ten years the population fell by 100,000. This gave inner cities poor image and low economic potential.

Question 18

who are the key players of the regeneration of London Docklands

Answer 18

property owners, architects, construction companies, investors, LDDC. The process was market-led regeneration. The LDDC offered tax incentives to attract investors

Question 19

how did Government react to the decline of the London Docklands

Answer 19

The conservative government reacted by rebranding inner cities by re-imaging. The development of Canary Wharf, a huge development of high rise office buildings designed to stimulate quaternary employment, to replace derelict docks and industry.
The CBD’s population has been transformed- a younger population, diverse ethnic composition.

Question 20

what are some physical reasons an area might change

Answer 20

proximity to large cities and economic zones may encourage economic development, the physical environment, places vary massively in attractiveness

Question 21

what are some reasons due to accessibility and connectedness that an area might change

Answer 21

due to the status of infrastructure and transport systems, an area may be easily accessible, enhancing it’s interconnectedness with local and regional area. Access to other places — by road (especially motorways), rail and air. Competition for the optimum site for functions: commercial, retail, residential, infrastructure.

Question 22

what are some historical development reasons why a place might change?

Answer 22

Previous industries may put a city/town on the map, e.g. Birmingham for it’s steel. Post-production era: once key factors in many places; primary production (agriculture, farming, Historic buildings (ex-warehouses, canals, old market squares) can be a physical asset for places seeking regeneration. Conversely, large areas of derelict buildings and the legacy of toxic waste from manufacturing may be a deterrent.

Question 23

outline physical, accessibility, historical development, planning in Milton Keynes

Answer 23

Physical: flat land, room to expand, lakes for recreation
Accessibility: M1 motorway, train connection to two largest settlements in UK (London and Birmingham), X5 bus to oxford. Ideal location in the UK
Historical Development: Bletchley house tourism
Planning: build to relieve congestion in LDN

Question 24

outline physical, accessibility, historical development, planning in Plymouth

Answer 24

Physical: pleasant environment, ‘Ocean City’
Accessibility: no motorways
Historical development: drake circus retail hub, cloned shopping, decline of agriculture and manufacturing/shipbuilding/navy, historical buildings are an asset (royal william yard)
Planning: growth of university as a government set target of 50% to go to HE

Question 25

national influences in Plymouth

Answer 25

Poor transport links to London in SW, takes 3hrs 15 mins on train
Primarily marine industry, located near the sea, fishing industry there provides 13% of England’s total fish catch. Largest naval base in all of west europe, 10% of city’s GDP. Economy is relatively low wage, 20% of households earn < £17,500.

Question 26

national influences in Milton Keynes

Answer 26

Good transport links to London, Oxford, Cambridge- centers of knowledge, education, quaternary sectors, 30 mins on train.
Close to the economic core of the EU.
Companies like Santander, Mercedes, Volkswagen have set up HQ in MK
35% of employees work in the knowledge economy.
Milton Keynes was built to ease congestion in London.

Question 27

international influences in Milton Keynes

Answer 27

MK shopping centre: 270+ stores the majority of stores being international fashion, food and commercial companies.
FDI MK has the highest number of international businesses in the country outside of London. The GDP in the Milton Keynes economy, increased from £3.5 billion to £6.8 billion (+96%) making it one of the top ten sub-regional economies in the South East. Milton keynes does not have a Higher education institution.
Global Shift - Milton Keynes is overwhelmingly a service-based economy with particular employment strengths in banking finance and insurance and the wholesale and retail trade. industries. It had the highest number of employees involved in knowledge-based activities in the South East of England.
Education: no higher education institution

Question 28

international influences in Plymouth

Answer 28

Global shift: coastal positioning means prior to the global shift it was involved with production in manufacturing and fishing, since services have moved to the South many businesses were forced to shut down →employment rate in 2014 was only 74.6%
Drakes circus shopping centre 425,000-square-foot covered shopping mall in the centre of Plymouth, England, which opened in October 2006. Plymouth also received similar interest from international companies like Apple, John lewis. (unable to find revenue for specific location shop)
Plymouth: three Higher Education Institutions. Contribute hugely to the city’s economy, with student spend estimated to be over £120m to our supporting almost 5,000 jobs. Alongside with huge international education interests from quality marine resources.
Plymouth is one of the most significant global areas for marine research and production.

Question 29

population of Milton Keynes and Plymouth

Answer 29

MK: 287,000
Plymouth: 262,100

Question 30

distance of MK and Plymouth from London

Answer 30

MK: 55 miles
Plymouth: 230 miles

Question 31

economy value in MK and Plymouth

Answer 31

MK: £14.03B
Plymouth: £5.03B

Question 32

average salary in Plymouth and MK

Answer 32

MK: 39,700
Plymouth: 27,000