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Edexcel Geograpy A Level Case Studies > TECTONICS > Flashcards

TECTONICS Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Nepal earthquake?

A

April of 2015

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2
Q

What magnitude was the Nepal earthquake?

A

7.8

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3
Q

What happened a week before the Nepal earthquake hit?

A

Earthquake experts had gathered in Kathmandu to discuss preparation

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4
Q

What boundaries does Nepal sit on?

A

The Indian and the Eurasian

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5
Q

How far away was the Nepal epicentre away from Kathmandu

A

80km away

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6
Q

What was the initial death count from the Nepal earthquake?

A

8600

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7
Q

What was the initial injury count from the Nepal earthquake?

A

21,000

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8
Q

How many people were left homeless after the Nepal 2015 earthquake?

A

3 million

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9
Q

At what time during the day did the Nepal earthquake occur?

A

Midday, when most people were at work

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10
Q

What were the secondary impacts of the Nepal 2015 earthquake?

A
  • Landslides in the Himalayas, which cut off communities (decreased aid and relief efforts)
  • The tourism economy took a hit
  • Extensive aftershocks
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11
Q

What was the economic cost of the Nepal 2015 earthquake (and percentage of GDP)

A

$5bn, 25% of GDP

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12
Q

When was the Montserrat Volcano?

A

18th July 1995

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13
Q

Montserrat: How long were the ash clouds being erupted?

A

5 years

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14
Q

Montserrat: What was the name of their capital that was destroyed?

A

Plymouth

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15
Q

Montserrat: What fraction of houses were destroyed?

A

2/3

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16
Q

Impacts of the 1995 Montserrat volcano?

A
  • Unemployment increased, decrease in tourism
  • Farmland was destroyed/abandoned
  • Top heavy population pyramid
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17
Q

When was the Indian Ocean Tsunami?

A

2004

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18
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: Where was the earthquake?

A

Off the coast of Indonesia (this caused the tsunami)

19
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: What was the magnitude of the earthquake that caused the tsunami?

A

9.0-9.3

20
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: How tall was the tsunami?

A

15m tall, with severe shock waves

21
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: Why was the Indian Ocean Tsunami so severe

A
  • Low-lying land meant that the surge moved several km inland
  • Devastating to coastal settlements
  • No warning system in the Indian Ocean
22
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: What industries were greatly affected?

A

Fishing, tourism and agriculture economies

23
Q

What was the economic cost of the Indian Ocean Tsunami?

A

$10bn

24
Q

When was the 2005 Kashmir earthquake?

A

2005

25
Q

How do the hazard profile characteristics relate to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake?

A
  1. Frequency (last earthquake in the 1900s)
  2. Spatial predictability (Kashmir is a seismic gap)
26
Q

How many people died during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake?

A

87,000

27
Q

How many people were displaced during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake?

A

2.8 million

28
Q

How many schools were destroyed during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake?

A

17,000

29
Q

How many healthcare centres were destroyed during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake?

A

800

30
Q

When was the Haiti earthquake?

A

January 12th 2010

31
Q

Compare Japan and Myanmar in terms of their hazard exposure score

A

Japan: Highly exposed, subject to multiple hazards
Myanmar: High risk for earthquakes and tsunamis

32
Q

Compare Japan and Myanmar in terms of their vulnerability

A

Japan: High compared to other wealthy nations (ageing population)
Myanmar: Moderate risk (although relatively low)

33
Q

Compare Japan and Myanmar in terms of their capacity to cope

A

Japan: Good; elderly are educated and connected. Little corruption.
Myanmar: Poor; low connection for older people, poor education

34
Q

Compare Japan and Myanmar in terms of the overall risk

A

Japan: 113/190; Strong capacity to cope and lower levels of vulnerability
Myanmar: 7/190; Disaster risk to elderly citizens is proportionately high in comparison.

35
Q

Give an overview of the 2010 Hatian earthquake

A
  • Large-scale earthquake on January 12th
  • 13km S-SE of Petit Troup de Nippes
  • Widely felt
36
Q

Outline the impacts of the 2010 Haitan earthquake

A
  • 9,000 deaths from cholera
  • 700,000 affected
  • Source of outbreak is disputed (Artibone river which was a source of drinking water, Nepalese aid may have brought in the outbreak)
37
Q

Outline why developed countries often see less consequences following hazards

A
  • Advanced widespread insurance
  • Government run preparations
  • Sophisticated monitoring (hi-tech volcano monitoring)
  • Regulated local planning systems
38
Q

What hazard do you use for comparing levels of development (emerging countries)

A

Sichuan

39
Q

Outline the Sichuan earthquake

A
  • 0.73
  • 69,000 deaths
  • 375,000 injured
  • $140bn economic costs
  • Immediate rapid response
40
Q

What hazard do you use for comparing levels of development (developing)

A

Haiti

41
Q

Outline the Haiti earthquake

A
  • 0.48
  • 160,000 deaths
  • 250,000 homes destroyed
  • Decades of corrupt, ineffective and brutal governance increases vulnerability
42
Q

How was E15 a megadisaster? (volcano)

A
  • March 2010, ash plume affected much of Europe, grounding flights. There were no direct deaths and it was considered a small eruption
  • Evaluating effect on the global supply chain: M and X affected, no air freight
43
Q

How was the Tohoku, Japan a megadisaster? (tsunami)

A
  • Magnitude 9.0 in March 2011
  • Produced a tsunami that caused destruction in Tohoku
  • Eroded trust in Japanese government and nuclear energy policies
  • Evaluating impact on costs and attitudes towards nuclear energy: hit Fukushima powerplant, increased radioactive releases and decreased world affordability by decreasing the supply.

Edexcel Geograpy A Level Case Studies (6 decks)

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