GLOBALISATION

Question 1

Outline containerisation

Answer 1

• By lowering costs of trade, containerisation has encouraged specialisation and the expansion of global supply chains
• System of freight shipping that has reduced transport costs of moving thousands of different goods across the globe
• Containers have standardised dimensions
• 1956 onwards
• “catalyst” of globalisation

Question 2

Outline China’s 1978 open door policy

Answer 2

• Initially, urbanisation fuelled the growth of the low-wage factories that gave China the nickname “workshop of the world”
• China is the worlds largest economy, with 400 million people said to have escaped poverty since the reforms began
• Allowing farmers to make a small profit
• Policy allowed China to embrace globalisation while remaining under one party authoritarian rule
• Strict controls on the number of children were introduced to curb population growth

Question 3

How is North Korea politically isolated and how has this impacted economic growth?

Answer 3

• North Korea has deliberately chosen to remain politically isolated
• Ordinary citizens do not have access to the internet or social media
• No undersea data cables
• The comparison of North Korea and South Korea and their government policies clearly illustrated how political decision making affects globalisation

Question 4

Outline the advantages of global outsourcing of services to India

Answer 4

• Indian outsourcing companies have become extremely profitable
• Many Indian citizens are now fluent in English
• Broadband capacity is high in Bangalore
• India’s call centre workers earn good middle class wages

Question 5

Outline the disadvantages of global outsourcing of services to India

Answer 5

• Increases inequalities
• Work can be highly competitive
• Exploitation of employees

Question 6

How has Mumbai displayed rapid mega city growth?

Answer 6

• Population more than doubled between 1970 and 2016
• People flock from impoverished rural states
• Urban employment covers a range of economic sectors and skill levels
• Some wealthy inhabitants increases house prices
• Dharavi is a slum area

Question 7

How has Lagos displayed rapid mega city growth?

Answer 7

• Population was 1mn in 1970, and 13-21mn in 2018
• Population increases by around 300,000 annually
• Over 40% of population is aged 0-14
• 60% live in slums, no reliable access to clean water and sufficient sanitation
• Endemic poverty in coastal slums
• Waste disposal and water supply are critical problems

Question 8

How are diets changing in Asia and why?

Answer 8

• Healthy mix of high vegetables and low meat is giving way to the increasing middle class
• Physical environment is taking a toll
• Increased affluence puts pressure on particular plant and animal species e.g., shark fin soup and caviar
• Nutrition transition

Question 9

How has the internet been censored in China and North Korea and what affects has this had?

Answer 9

• Facebook, Twitter and YouTube remain unavailable (although there are local social media sites)
• Google withdrew its services from China in 2010 when the Chinese Government insisted that it should be censored to hide information about what happened in Tiannemen Square
• North Koreans have no access to the internet as a result of state controls

Question 10

How is Totnes and transition town and why?

Answer 10

• Totnes has a population of 8000, and more listed buildings per heads that any other town in the UK
• Have their own currency to encourage the circular economy
• Food markets regularly (selling local produce)
• Transitioning attempts to reduce carbon footprint and adapt resilience
• World’s first transition town’
• Described as an alternative community