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Geography > Tectonic Key Definitions and Concepts > Flashcards

Tectonic Key Definitions and Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

A potential threat to human life and property

A

A hazard

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2
Q

The two causes of natural hazards

A

Hydro-meteorological (climatic processes) ans Geophysical (land processes)

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3
Q

Earthquakes not occurring at plate boundaries due to pre-existing weaknesses

A

Intra-plate earthquakes

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4
Q

Where do geophysical earthquakes occur?

A

Near plate boundaries

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5
Q

Localised areas of the lithosphere which has unusually high temperatures due to upwelling

A

Volcanic Hotspots

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6
Q

Name two examples of volcanic hotspots

A

Hawaii hotspot and The Ring of Fire

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7
Q

Where is the ring of fire located

A

Nazca , India-Australia and Pacific Plate

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8
Q

Inner core , outer core , mantle and crust

A

The layers of the earth

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9
Q

What are the two types of plates

A

Oceanic and Continental

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10
Q

A thick plate with land masses upon it

A

Continental plate

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11
Q

A thinner but denser plate with no land masses upon it

A

Oceanic plate

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12
Q

How do convection currents occur?

A

Radioactive reactions within the core

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13
Q

How do they plates move?

A

Convection Currents

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14
Q

The pulling force exerted by a cold, dense oceanic plate plunging into the mantle due to its own weight. The theory is that because the oceanic plate is denser than the hotter mantle beneath it, this contrast in density causes the plate to sink into the mantle.

A

Slab Pull theory

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15
Q

Name an example location of where slab pull theory is present

A

The Pacific Plate

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16
Q

Which theory states that the continents used to be connected in one large landmass known as a supercontinent but overtime the continents individually separated. Verified by the discovery of relating fossils on other sides of the ocean

A

Continental drift theory

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17
Q

Who theorised continental drift theory?

A

Wegner

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18
Q

What do the depth of seismic waves show?

A

It shows subduction of the denser basaltic oceanic plates in the upper mantle

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19
Q

When two oceanic plates move away from each other allowing magma from the mantle to move up and form new crust ridges within the ocean resulting in sea floor widening

A

Sea Floor Spreading

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20
Q

The record of geomagnetic data preserved in rocks and minerals

A

Paleomagntism

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21
Q

What are the three types of plate movements

A

Convergent , Divergent and Conservative

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22
Q

Volcanos , Earthquakes and Rift Valleys all from due to this plate movement

A

Constructive

23
Q

Only Earthquakes occur here

A

Conservative

24
Q

Volcanos , Earthquakes , Fold mountains , island arcs and ocean trenches all result from this plate movement

A

Destructive

25
Q

Plates move away from each other

A

Constructive

26
Q

Plates slide past each other

A

Conservative

27
Q

Plates push against eachother

A

Destructive

28
Q

What are the combinations of plates at a destructive plate margin?

A

continental + continental
oceanic + oceanic
continental + oceanic

29
Q

What are the combinations of plates found at constructive plate margins?

A

oceanic + oceanic
continental + continental

30
Q

Where does conservative margins occur?

A

Between any plates

31
Q

the accumulation of material at the point of subduction

A

Accretion Wedge

32
Q

Buildings designed to withstand seismic activity

A

Aseismic Buildings

33
Q

The upper mantle layer of the earth , semi-molten and approx 2000km wide

A

Asthenosphere

34
Q

This model shows that a hazard becomes a disaster if it affects a vulnerable population

A

Deggs Model

35
Q

The point on the surface directly above the earthquakes orgin

A

Epicentre

36
Q

The place at which the pressure/seismic energy is released

A

Focus

37
Q

The sequence of governance of a natural hazard: monitoring , prediction , mitigation and preparedness

A

Hazard mitigation cycle

38
Q

a sudden glacial flood caused by a glacier on top of or near a volcano melting due to the heat of the volcano

A

Jokulhaup

39
Q

a flow of mud a debris

A

lahar

40
Q

the upper crust of the mantle avg. thickness of 100km

A

lithosphere

41
Q

a surface earthquake wave with horizontal displacement

A

Love waves or L waves

42
Q

A measure of an earthquakes energy released considered the most accurate measurement

A

moment magnitude scale

43
Q

a model describing the decline and recovery of a country over a period of time following a natural disaster

A

Parks Model

44
Q

elements within the lithosphere have different melting points and so rock is partially melted and partially solid

A

Partial Melting

45
Q

an earthquake waves causing compression within the body of the rock

A

P waves

46
Q

a mixture of gases and rock fragments at high tempratures travelling at rapid speeds

A

pyroclastic flow

47
Q

a surface earthquake causing both horizental and vertical displacement

A

R waves

48
Q

a logarithmic measure of an earthquake’s intensity

A

Richter scale

49
Q

an earthquake causing vertical displacement within the body of rock

A

S waves

50
Q

the energy released in the form of P , L , S and R waves

A

seismic waves

51
Q

initial vertical water displacement often from submarine earthquakes creates large waves with destructive power

A

Tsunami

52
Q

a measure of a volcanos explosivity and eruption magnitude

A

volcanic explosivity index (VEI)

53
Q

a region of the subducting plate most affected by pressure and friction where most destructive margin earthquakes occur

A

Wadati-Benioff zone

Geography (14 decks)

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