Technologies used to predict natural disaster: Flashcards
What is three-dimensional imaging? (volcanoes)
Technologies, such as a GPS, measure the change in the shape of a volcano.
(Rising magma can be indicated by A CHANGE IN VOLCANIC SHAPE).
Effectiveness of three-dimensional imaging?
-Must be connected to an early warning system that notifies people in the area to be EFFECTIVE.
-Provides accurate, real-time predictions.
What is Seismic data?
Non-invasive, low-impact method of gathering data about geological structures beneath the Earth’s surface.
(When MAGMA MOVES, it SHAKES the GROUND).
Is Seismic data EFFECTIVE?
Yes.
What is GROUND MOVEMENT DATA?
Measuring the slope of the land near known fault lines with tilt meters or strain meters.
Is GROUND MOVEMENT DATA an EFFECTIVE Technology?
Yes, WHEN placed correctly
What is TEMPERATURE as a technology?
(ECL)
Monitoring TRENDS to make predictions
Is TEMPERATURE an EFFECTIVE Technology?
Limited effectiveness
What is PRESSURE SYSTEMS as a technology?
Shows the low & high-pressure systems from the air pressure measured by data collection.
Are PRESSURE SYSTEMS an EFFECTIVE Technology?
Yes, they are effective. It has proven useful in the past.
What does a TILT METER do for VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS?
An electronic tiltmeter uses a small container filled with conducting fluid and a “bubble” to measure a change in slope.
instruments placed in shallow boreholes (1-6 meters or 5-20 feet deep) produce the best results because the sensors are insulated from noise that is common at Earth’s surface—for example, changes in temperature and pressure.
What does a STRAIN METER do for EARTHQUAKES?
Strainmeters are highly sensitive instruments that measure extremely minute strain (change in shape) of the crust.
These instruments are so sensitive that they can detect the loads on Earth’s surface due to pressure changes caused by passing weather fronts.
As Earthquakes or moving magma change the shape of a volcano, the strain meter measures the minute changes in shape.
What are the EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS put into place for VOLCANOES?
Many communities have sirens and other warning technologies to warn the public of a possible eruption, such as activation colours (green, yellow, orange, red).
The USGS Volcano Hazards Program has adopted an alert-notification system nationwide for characterizing the level of unrest and eruptive activity at volcanoes.
What is the main technology used for GROUND MOVEMENT for an earthquake?
Seismographs
What are SEISMOGRAPHS?
Instruments that record ground movement, the internal portion of a seismograph is the SEISMOMETER.
What does ANOMALOUS ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR mean regarding EARTHQUAKES?
Anecdotal evidence abounds of animals, fish, birds, reptiles, and insects exhibiting strange behavior anywhere from weeks to seconds before an earthquake. However, consistent and reliable behavior prior to seismic events, and a mechanism explaining how it could work, still eludes us.
-Many animals can detect the P-wave vibrations of an earthquake that humans cannot feel, but this is a detection rather than prediction.
How do you measure PRESSURE in ECL?
The use of a barometer.
The mercury sits in a circular, shallow dish surrounding the tube. The mercury in the tube will adjust itself to match the atmospheric pressure above the dish. As the pressure increases, it forces the mercury up the tube. The tube is marked with a series of measurements that track the number of atmospheres or bars.
What is a BUILDING CODE?
A set of rules put in place by local, regional or national governments for the construction of new buildings.
What are 3 engineering solutions that can make a building, earthquake resistant?
1- Base isolation
Involves constructing a building on flexible pads, bearings or springs so that the base moves during the earthquake & absorbs the shock wave, without moving the building above.
2- Structural reinforcement
3- Flexible Materials
Such as steel and wood allow a structure to bend and deform without breaking.
