Technologies used to predict natural disaster:

Question 1

What is three-dimensional imaging? (volcanoes)

Answer 1

Technologies, such as a GPS, measure the change in the shape of a volcano.

(Rising magma can be indicated by A CHANGE IN VOLCANIC SHAPE).

Question 2

Effectiveness of three-dimensional imaging?

Answer 2

-Must be connected to an early warning system that notifies people in the area to be EFFECTIVE.

-Provides accurate, real-time predictions.

Question 3

What is Seismic data?

Answer 3

Non-invasive, low-impact method of gathering data about geological structures beneath the Earth’s surface.

(When MAGMA MOVES, it SHAKES the GROUND).

Question 4

Is Seismic data EFFECTIVE?

Answer 4

Yes.

Question 4

What is GROUND MOVEMENT DATA?

Answer 4

Measuring the slope of the land near known fault lines with tilt meters or strain meters.

Question 4

Is GROUND MOVEMENT DATA an EFFECTIVE Technology?

Answer 4

Yes, WHEN placed correctly

Question 5

What is TEMPERATURE as a technology?
(ECL)

Answer 5

Monitoring TRENDS to make predictions

Question 6

Is TEMPERATURE an EFFECTIVE Technology?

Answer 6

Limited effectiveness

Question 7

What is PRESSURE SYSTEMS as a technology?

Answer 7

Shows the low & high-pressure systems from the air pressure measured by data collection.

Question 8

Are PRESSURE SYSTEMS an EFFECTIVE Technology?

Answer 8

Yes, they are effective. It has proven useful in the past.

Question 9

What does a TILT METER do for VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS?

Answer 9

An electronic tiltmeter uses a small container filled with conducting fluid and a “bubble” to measure a change in slope.

instruments placed in shallow boreholes (1-6 meters or 5-20 feet deep) produce the best results because the sensors are insulated from noise that is common at Earth’s surface—for example, changes in temperature and pressure.

Question 10

What does a STRAIN METER do for EARTHQUAKES?

Answer 10

Strainmeters are highly sensitive instruments that measure extremely minute strain (change in shape) of the crust.

These instruments are so sensitive that they can detect the loads on Earth’s surface due to pressure changes caused by passing weather fronts.

As Earthquakes or moving magma change the shape of a volcano, the strain meter measures the minute changes in shape.

Question 11

What are the EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS put into place for VOLCANOES?

Answer 11

Many communities have sirens and other warning technologies to warn the public of a possible eruption, such as activation colours (green, yellow, orange, red).

The USGS Volcano Hazards Program has adopted an alert-notification system nationwide for characterizing the level of unrest and eruptive activity at volcanoes.

Question 12

What is the main technology used for GROUND MOVEMENT for an earthquake?

Answer 12

Seismographs

Question 13

What are SEISMOGRAPHS?

Answer 13

Instruments that record ground movement, the internal portion of a seismograph is the SEISMOMETER.

Question 14

What does ANOMALOUS ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR mean regarding EARTHQUAKES?

Answer 14

Anecdotal evidence abounds of animals, fish, birds, reptiles, and insects exhibiting strange behavior anywhere from weeks to seconds before an earthquake. However, consistent and reliable behavior prior to seismic events, and a mechanism explaining how it could work, still eludes us.

-Many animals can detect the P-wave vibrations of an earthquake that humans cannot feel, but this is a detection rather than prediction.

Question 15

How do you measure PRESSURE in ECL?

Answer 15

The use of a barometer.

The mercury sits in a circular, shallow dish surrounding the tube. The mercury in the tube will adjust itself to match the atmospheric pressure above the dish. As the pressure increases, it forces the mercury up the tube. The tube is marked with a series of measurements that track the number of atmospheres or bars.

Question 16

What is a BUILDING CODE?

Answer 16

A set of rules put in place by local, regional or national governments for the construction of new buildings.

Question 17

What are 3 engineering solutions that can make a building, earthquake resistant?

Answer 17

1- Base isolation
Involves constructing a building on flexible pads, bearings or springs so that the base moves during the earthquake & absorbs the shock wave, without moving the building above.

2- Structural reinforcement

3- Flexible Materials
Such as steel and wood allow a structure to bend and deform without breaking.