Technical Human Sciences and Social Sciences Flashcards by Allison Wilson

A group of body organs or structures that together perform one or more vital functions, is what?

A System

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The systems in the body interact to maintain ‘this’, which is essential for the survival of each cell

3 examples of homestasis

Homeostatis

Regulating blood glucose levels
Maintenance of core body temp
Regulation of water and mineral concentrations

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This discipline focuses on body structures

Anatomy

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This discipline focuses on study of human body measurements

Anthropometry

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This seeks to understand the functions of living organisms

Physiology

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This deals with the mechanical laws related to human movement. It integrates laws of physics with the working concepts of engineering to describe the internal and external forces acting on the body

biomechanics

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Human anatomy is subdivided into 2 categories, which are?

Macroscopic - study of structures, organs, muscles and bone
Microscopic - study of tissues

Bonus** What is the name for the Study of tissues? Answer - Histology

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The match between physical work and human capacities must consider both the strength and endurance requirements of the muscle and aerobic capacity. Define aerobic capacity.

The ability of the heart and lungs to circulate oxygen and fuel to the tissues

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‘This’ removes the waste products produced by muscle contractions

Blood

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This is the scientific study and application of the motor function, coordination, and strength in performing essential job tasks centered around a particular occupation.

Occupational Biomechanics

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(1) This is the analysis of the focuses acting on the body.
(2) This is the analysis of the movements of the body

Kinetics
Kinematics

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5 most important components in biomechanics are: (MFMLB)

Motion
Force
Momentum
Levers
Balance

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Human Factors (7)

Training
Job Control
Hours of Work
Incentives
Job Rotation
Warm up and Stretching programs
Maintenance

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Where possible, continuous night shift work should be Blank

Voluntary

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Physical factor change agents are:

Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Noise
Vibration
Ergonomic Factors

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Cholorinated hydrocarbons such as CFC (chloro fluoro carbons, trichloroethylene and 1,1,1, trichloroethylene can induce ‘this’

Arrhythmias. Trichloroethylene has caused sudden death this way.

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Certain substances such as isocyanates (used in paints), flour dusts, and various fumes, can cause asthma or occupational asthma. These substances are considered what?

Sensitizers or asthmagens

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This is the study of adverse effects of chemicals and substances at levels not naturally present in healthy living organisms.

Toxicology

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The toxic effects of a substance depends on 3 things. They are?

The physical form
The route of entry (inhalation, ingestion and through the skin)
The dose (exposure concentration x time)

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Two types of ventilation used the workplace

Local Exhaust ventilation
General dilution ventilation

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When air contaminants are generated from a point source, the best way to control them is to install an exhaust at or near the ….blank

Point of emission

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All local exhaust systems must include: (HDAFE)

Hood
Ducting
Air cleaner
Fan
Exhaust stack

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2 types of hoods in local ventilation are?

Enclosing and capturing

Enclosing: glove box or spray booth

Capturing: are common and seen attached to tools or fixed, extracted workbenches or flexible

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MSDs can occur in 2 ways:

Actutely (rapid onset)
Cummulative

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The two types of 'postures' to worry about as it related to physical factor in MSDs are:

Sustained Awkward

Vibration risk factors are divided into 2 categories:

Whole body - Low back pain and long term degeneration of the spine Hand/Arm - from tools and equipment (chainsaws/jackhammers) leads to damage or nerves and tendons in the hands and arms

Force can be described as:

Repetitive Sustained High Sudden

These individuals identified that there is an interactive effect between force and repetition risk factors.

Gallagher and Heberger

Two of the most widely used subjective rating scales for physical demands in the workplace, is this scale.

Borg scale of perceived exertion and perceived discomfort **this is a quantitative method

The outcome of the NIOSH lifting equation is an RWL. What is that?

Recommended weight limit. A weight limit that 75% of the population of healthy workers can lift over a period (of up to 8hours).

Prevention of MSDs. Consideration should be given to the following 4 designs.

Job design Workplace design Tool and equipment design Work practices

McLeod describes 'this' as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings beliefs, intentions and goals constructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions with others

Social Psychology

This theory investigates how individuals explain the causes of events and behaviors. It is concerned with how we utilize various information in arriving at a causal judgement.

Attribution theory.

Who wrote the book in 1958 'The psychology of interpersonal relations' and identified that people, when perceiving others and the environment, tend to see "cause and effect" as a specific relationship. He also suggested things such as internal forces (Dispositional attribution) and external forces (situational attribution)

Fritz Heider

This refers to people's tendency to attribute other individual's negative actions to internal factors while attributing their own negative performances to external factors.

Fundamental attribution Error

This is when we have a tendency to feel another person has attributes like the ones we have and therefore we feel a connection with them.

Affinity Bias

This is a tendency to seek information that confirms one's beliefs or expectations. This can impact the results of an incident investigation.

Confirmation Bias

This involves the tendency to consider that one mistake makes a specific person incompetent or that risk taking improves efficiency.

Halo effect

This is a condition where individuals are less likely to aid someone when there are others present.

Bystander Effect

Developed by Leon Festinger, he identified that individuals are prone to make comparisons of others and they determine their own worth based on how they compare themselves to others.

Social comparison theory

Bruce Tuckman developed this theory, which suggests that groups usually pass through stages of development as they change from a newly formed group into an effective team.

Theory of Group Development

This is when individuals do not exert effort when working on a collective endeavor, nor do they expend as much cognitive effort trying to solve problems, as they do when working alone

Social Loafing

This theory proposes than an individual's decision to engage in a specific behaviour such as gambling or stopping gambling can be predicated by their intention to engage in that behavior. What are the 3 variables for this theory:

Theory of planned behavior. Personal attitudes Subjective Norms Perceived behavioral control

Behaviorism posits that all behavior is the consequence of an observable stimulus for which an organism is predisposed to or conditioned to respond. Stimulus used to shape and mold behavior belongs to one of the four categories. They are:

Reward Punishment Time Out Other Reinforcer

Education. Trainers use techniques of consistent encouragement to help workers learn. This is called? Others focus more on creating a stimulating environment to increase engagement

Operant Conditioning Classic Conditioning

This model is the most widely accepted personality theory held by psychologists today

The big five model or five factor model This theory identifies that personality can be boiled down to 5 core factors know as CANOE or OCEAN Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness to experience Extraversion

This psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to organizations

Industrial Organizational Theory IO Psychology

Which scientist identified harmful concentrations of Carbon monoxide?

Max Gruber

This refers to airborne concentrations of substances and represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed to day after day without adverse health effects.

TLV - Threshold Limit Value

What are the 3 types of TLVs

Time Weighted Average (TWA) Short term exposure limit (STEL) Ceiling Limit (C)

This, is the concentration for a conventional 8hour workday and a 40hour work week to which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effect.

TLV-TWA Time weighed average

There are limits, known as excursion limits, defining how high concentrations may go above the blank.

TWA Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV TWA for no more than a total of 30mins during a workday and under no circumstance should they exceed 5times the TWA provided that the TWA was not exceeded.

Exposures above the TWA and up to the BLANK, should be less than 15 minutes, should occur not more than 4 times a day and there should be at least 60mins between successive exposure

STEL Short term exposure limit

There are extremely irritating gases and chemicals sufficiently dangerous that their TLV must be an absolute maximum rather than an 8hour TWA. These are called?

Ceiling Limits

This, is a not-for-profit, federal departmental corporation, governed by a tripartite Council - representing government, employers and labour - to ensure a balanced approach to workplace health and safety issues. It develops WHMIS educational resources and tools for Canadian workplaces.

CCOHS Canadian Centre for OHS

This is the primary national agency of the Government of Canada dedicated to science and technology research & development. It is the largest federal research & development organization in Canada. The Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development is responsible for the NRC.

National Research Council Canada

This is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for the government's internal servicing and administration

PSPC Public Services and procurement Canada

This is umbrella economic legislation for Canada's national transportation system, legislating transportation modes under federal jurisdiction: rail, aviation and marine.

The CTA Canadian Transportation Act

This act Outlines a process for assessing the impacts of major projects and projects carried out on federal lands or outside of Canada.

Impact Assessment Act

Independent, additive and synergistic interactions and effects

Independent - when there is clear toxicological evidence to indicate two or more contaminants have distinct effects on the body Additive - when the body is exposed to two or more contaminants, an an additive effect obtained when contaminants have the same target organ or the same mechanism of action Synergistic - combined effects of multiples exposures is greater than the sum of the effects from individual components Potentiation - where a substance or mixture enhances the effect of another substance or mixture, or a biochemical or physiological effect.

4 types of sampling approaches

Personal Area Source Surface

Sampling methodology

Active - with a pump Passive - contaminants are absorbed onto a sorbent by diffusion Real-time - gas detectors, dust/aerosol monitors or PIMEX (picture mix exposure)

Biological sampling tests for what typically?

Microbial cells or spores with filters, impingers or impactors

Air sampling is used for the following reasons:

To design or evaluate engineering control Establish

Grab samples are used to include to identify peak or ceiling concentration in times of high production. They are used as a pre screening to determine whether...

Further long term sampling is needed

Combustible gas monitors are based on 1 of 2 principles.

1. the change in resistance to a metal conductor heated by gas combustion 2. the change in electrical conductivity of a metal oxide semiconductor in the presence of a combustible gas

A 'hotwire' combustible gas detector should not be used in areas where Blank type of vapours are present?

Silicone vapours

Oxygen detectors are two types:

Polographic and coulometric

Battery powered CO monitors can measure carbon monoxide up to what PPM

2000ppm

Known as comfort parameters, which include IAQ what?

Temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide.

Who sets relative humidty recommendations?

ASHRAW American society for heating refridgeration and air conditioning engineering

Non Specific detectors work off of classes not chemicals, What are they called?

Photoionization Thermal Conductivity Flame Ionization

This is typically used to measure Toluene Di-isocyanate. Ion molecules react with electrons emitted from a source of radioactive nickel.

Ion Mobility Spectrometers

Colourimetric tubes and badges have what percentage of accuracy

plus or minus 25% accuracy

Basic air sampling devices consist of:

Air inlet collection device airflow meters flow rate control valve pump to draw air through the sampling train

Dispersed solids can be? and Dispersed liquids can be?

smoke, fibers, fumes, nanomaterials dusts fogs mists or consdensates

Sampling filter types: PVC GF MCE

Poly vinyl chloride Glass fiber Mixed cellulose ester

What uses a 25mm filter and open faced casette?

Asbestos sampling

Low flow rate high flow rate

low is 0.5 - 500ml/min high is 0.5 - 5L/min Dual range is high and low flow Low flow is used for sorbent tubes and high flow is used for filter, cyclone and impinger

Flow rate meter devices that compensate for flow rate fluctuations:

Pressure compensating device Critical flow orifice

Sound level meters normally have a range of what?

40-140dB

Different types of ion radiation detectors

Film badges thermal luminescence detectors pocket dosimeters

WGBT indoor equation

0.7natural web bulb + 0.3 globe

WGBT outdoor equation

0.7 natural wet bulb + 0.2globe + 0.1 air temp

Mean, Median and Mode

Mean - average (add everything together and divide by total number of values) Median (the middle number of values) Mode (values that occurs the most frequently in the set of data)

Define Range

Range of a data set is the difference between the lowest value and the highest value. Organize data from lowest to highest and subtract the lower data point from the highest and that is the range

Define variance

Variance is the distribution of the mean. The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean.

Standard deviation

is the average difference frm the mean for the scores in a distribution. it is derived from taking the square root of the variance

process safety relates to what you are doing, and OHS relates to .....

how you do it

These are typically associated with what type of safet? HAZOP Bowtie assessment Fault Tree

Process Safety