Technical Human Sciences and Social Sciences Flashcards
A group of body organs or structures that together perform one or more vital functions, is what?
A System
The systems in the body interact to maintain ‘this’, which is essential for the survival of each cell
3 examples of homestasis
Homeostatis
- Regulating blood glucose levels
- Maintenance of core body temp
- Regulation of water and mineral concentrations
This discipline focuses on body structures
Anatomy
This discipline focuses on study of human body measurements
Anthropometry
This seeks to understand the functions of living organisms
Physiology
This deals with the mechanical laws related to human movement. It integrates laws of physics with the working concepts of engineering to describe the internal and external forces acting on the body
biomechanics
Human anatomy is subdivided into 2 categories, which are?
Macroscopic - study of structures, organs, muscles and bone
Microscopic - study of tissues
Bonus** What is the name for the Study of tissues? Answer - Histology
The match between physical work and human capacities must consider both the strength and endurance requirements of the muscle and aerobic capacity. Define aerobic capacity.
The ability of the heart and lungs to circulate oxygen and fuel to the tissues
‘This’ removes the waste products produced by muscle contractions
Blood
This is the scientific study and application of the motor function, coordination, and strength in performing essential job tasks centered around a particular occupation.
Occupational Biomechanics
(1) This is the analysis of the focuses acting on the body.
(2) This is the analysis of the movements of the body
Kinetics
Kinematics
5 most important components in biomechanics are: (MFMLB)
Motion
Force
Momentum
Levers
Balance
Human Factors (7)
Training
Job Control
Hours of Work
Incentives
Job Rotation
Warm up and Stretching programs
Maintenance
Where possible, continuous night shift work should be Blank
Voluntary
Physical factor change agents are:
Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Noise
Vibration
Ergonomic Factors
Cholorinated hydrocarbons such as CFC (chloro fluoro carbons, trichloroethylene and 1,1,1, trichloroethylene can induce ‘this’
Arrhythmias. Trichloroethylene has caused sudden death this way.
Certain substances such as isocyanates (used in paints), flour dusts, and various fumes, can cause asthma or occupational asthma. These substances are considered what?
Sensitizers or asthmagens
This is the study of adverse effects of chemicals and substances at levels not naturally present in healthy living organisms.
Toxicology
The toxic effects of a substance depends on 3 things. They are?
The physical form
The route of entry (inhalation, ingestion and through the skin)
The dose (exposure concentration x time)
Two types of ventilation used the workplace
Local Exhaust ventilation
General dilution ventilation
When air contaminants are generated from a point source, the best way to control them is to install an exhaust at or near the ….blank
Point of emission
All local exhaust systems must include: (HDAFE)
Hood
Ducting
Air cleaner
Fan
Exhaust stack
2 types of hoods in local ventilation are?
Enclosing and capturing
Enclosing: glove box or spray booth
Capturing: are common and seen attached to tools or fixed, extracted workbenches or flexible
MSDs can occur in 2 ways:
Actutely (rapid onset)
Cummulative
The two types of ‘postures’ to worry about as it related to physical factor in MSDs are:
Sustained
Awkward
Vibration risk factors are divided into 2 categories:
Whole body - Low back pain and long term degeneration of the spine
Hand/Arm - from tools and equipment (chainsaws/jackhammers) leads to damage or nerves and tendons in the hands and arms
Force can be described as:
Repetitive
Sustained
High
Sudden
These individuals identified that there is an interactive effect between force and repetition risk factors.
Gallagher and Heberger
Two of the most widely used subjective rating scales for physical demands in the workplace, is this scale.
Borg scale of perceived exertion and perceived discomfort
**this is a quantitative method
The outcome of the NIOSH lifting equation is an RWL. What is that?
Recommended weight limit. A weight limit that 75% of the population of healthy workers can lift over a period (of up to 8hours).
Prevention of MSDs. Consideration should be given to the following 4 designs.
Job design
Workplace design
Tool and equipment design
Work practices
McLeod describes ‘this’ as the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings beliefs, intentions and goals constructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions with others
Social Psychology
This theory investigates how individuals explain the causes of events and behaviors. It is concerned with how we utilize various information in arriving at a causal judgement.
Attribution theory.
Who wrote the book in 1958 ‘The psychology of interpersonal relations’ and identified that people, when perceiving others and the environment, tend to see “cause and effect” as a specific relationship. He also suggested things such as internal forces (Dispositional attribution) and external forces (situational attribution)
Fritz Heider
This refers to people’s tendency to attribute other individual’s negative actions to internal factors while attributing their own negative performances to external factors.
Fundamental attribution Error
This is when we have a tendency to feel another person has attributes like the ones we have and therefore we feel a connection with them.
Affinity Bias
This is a tendency to seek information that confirms one’s beliefs or expectations. This can impact the results of an incident investigation.
Confirmation Bias
This involves the tendency to consider that one mistake makes a specific person incompetent or that risk taking improves efficiency.
Halo effect
This is a condition where individuals are less likely to aid someone when there are others present.
Bystander Effect
Developed by Leon Festinger, he identified that individuals are prone to make comparisons of others and they determine their own worth based on how they compare themselves to others.
Social comparison theory
Bruce Tuckman developed this theory, which suggests that groups usually pass through stages of development as they change from a newly formed group into an effective team.
Theory of Group Development
This is when individuals do not exert effort when working on a collective endeavor, nor do they expend as much cognitive effort trying to solve problems, as they do when working alone
Social Loafing
This theory proposes than an individual’s decision to engage in a specific behaviour such as gambling or stopping gambling can be predicated by their intention to engage in that behavior.
What are the 3 variables for this theory:
Theory of planned behavior.
Personal attitudes
Subjective Norms
Perceived behavioral control
Behaviorism posits that all behavior is the consequence of an observable stimulus for which an organism is predisposed to or conditioned to respond. Stimulus used to shape and mold behavior belongs to one of the four categories. They are:
Reward
Punishment
Time Out
Other Reinforcer
Education. Trainers use techniques of consistent encouragement to help workers learn. This is called?
Others focus more on creating a stimulating environment to increase engagement
Operant Conditioning
Classic Conditioning
This model is the most widely accepted personality theory held by psychologists today
The big five model or five factor model
This theory identifies that personality can be boiled down to 5 core factors know as CANOE or OCEAN
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Extraversion
This psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to organizations
Industrial Organizational Theory
IO Psychology
Which scientist identified harmful concentrations of Carbon monoxide?
Max Gruber
This refers to airborne concentrations of substances and represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed to day after day without adverse health effects.
TLV - Threshold Limit Value
What are the 3 types of TLVs
Time Weighted Average (TWA)
Short term exposure limit (STEL)
Ceiling Limit (C)
This, is the concentration for a conventional 8hour workday and a 40hour work week to which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effect.
TLV-TWA
Time weighed average
There are limits, known as excursion limits, defining how high concentrations may go above the blank.
TWA
Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV TWA for no more than a total of 30mins during a workday and under no circumstance should they exceed 5times the TWA provided that the TWA was not exceeded.
Exposures above the TWA and up to the BLANK, should be less than 15 minutes, should occur not more than 4 times a day and there should be at least 60mins between successive exposure
STEL
Short term exposure limit
There are extremely irritating gases and chemicals sufficiently dangerous that their TLV must be an absolute maximum rather than an 8hour TWA. These are called?
Ceiling Limits
This, is a not-for-profit, federal departmental corporation, governed by a tripartite Council - representing government, employers and labour - to ensure a balanced approach to workplace health and safety issues. It develops WHMIS educational resources and tools for Canadian workplaces.
CCOHS
Canadian Centre for OHS
This is the primary national agency of the Government of Canada dedicated to science and technology research & development. It is the largest federal research & development organization in Canada. The Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development is responsible for the NRC.
National Research Council Canada
This is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for the government’s internal servicing and administration
PSPC
Public Services and procurement Canada
This is umbrella economic legislation for Canada’s national transportation system, legislating transportation modes under federal jurisdiction: rail, aviation and marine.
The CTA
Canadian Transportation Act
This act Outlines a process for assessing the impacts of major projects and projects carried out on federal lands or outside of Canada.
Impact Assessment Act
Independent, additive and synergistic interactions and effects
Independent - when there is clear toxicological evidence to indicate two or more contaminants have distinct effects on the body
Additive - when the body is exposed to two or more contaminants, an an additive effect obtained when contaminants have the same target organ or the same mechanism of action
Synergistic - combined effects of multiples exposures is greater than the sum of the effects from individual components
Potentiation - where a substance or mixture enhances the effect of another substance or mixture, or a biochemical or physiological effect.
4 types of sampling approaches
Personal
Area
Source
Surface
Sampling methodology
Active - with a pump
Passive - contaminants are absorbed onto a sorbent by diffusion
Real-time - gas detectors, dust/aerosol monitors or PIMEX (picture mix exposure)
Biological sampling tests for what typically?
Microbial cells or spores with filters, impingers or impactors
Air sampling is used for the following reasons:
To design or evaluate engineering control
Establish
Grab samples are used to include to identify peak or ceiling concentration in times of high production. They are used as a pre screening to determine whether…
Further long term sampling is needed
Combustible gas monitors are based on 1 of 2 principles.
- the change in resistance to a metal conductor heated by gas combustion
- the change in electrical conductivity of a metal oxide semiconductor in the presence of a combustible gas
A ‘hotwire’ combustible gas detector should not be used in areas where Blank type of vapours are present?
Silicone vapours
Oxygen detectors are two types:
Polographic and coulometric
Battery powered CO monitors can measure carbon monoxide up to what PPM
2000ppm
Known as comfort parameters, which include IAQ what?
Temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide.
Who sets relative humidty recommendations?
ASHRAW
American society for heating refridgeration and air conditioning engineering
Non Specific detectors work off of classes not chemicals, What are they called?
Photoionization
Thermal Conductivity
Flame Ionization
This is typically used to measure Toluene Di-isocyanate. Ion molecules react with electrons emitted from a source of radioactive nickel.
Ion Mobility Spectrometers
Colourimetric tubes and badges have what percentage of accuracy
plus or minus 25% accuracy
Basic air sampling devices consist of:
Air inlet
collection device
airflow meters
flow rate control valve
pump to draw air through the sampling train
Dispersed solids can be?
and Dispersed liquids can be?
smoke, fibers, fumes, nanomaterials dusts
fogs mists or consdensates
Sampling filter types:
PVC
GF
MCE
Poly vinyl chloride
Glass fiber
Mixed cellulose ester
What uses a 25mm filter and open faced casette?
Asbestos sampling
Low flow rate
high flow rate
low is 0.5 - 500ml/min
high is 0.5 - 5L/min
Dual range is high and low flow
Low flow is used for sorbent tubes and high flow is used for filter, cyclone and impinger
Flow rate meter devices that compensate for flow rate fluctuations:
Pressure compensating device
Critical flow orifice
Sound level meters normally have a range of what?
40-140dB
Different types of ion radiation detectors
Film badges
thermal luminescence detectors
pocket dosimeters
WGBT indoor equation
0.7natural web bulb + 0.3 globe
WGBT outdoor equation
0.7 natural wet bulb + 0.2globe + 0.1 air temp
Mean, Median and Mode
Mean - average (add everything together and divide by total number of values)
Median (the middle number of values)
Mode (values that occurs the most frequently in the set of data)
Define Range
Range of a data set is the difference between the lowest value and the highest value. Organize data from lowest to highest and subtract the lower data point from the highest and that is the range
Define variance
Variance is the distribution of the mean. The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean.
Standard deviation
is the average difference frm the mean for the scores in a distribution. it is derived from taking the square root of the variance
process safety relates to what you are doing, and OHS relates to …..
how you do it
These are typically associated with what type of safet?
HAZOP
Bowtie assessment
Fault Tree
Process Safety
