Tech Block 5

Question 1

2. When flying EAST, are days longer or shorter?

Answer 1

o Shorter as earth is rotating towards East

Question 2

5. How many satellites are required for RAIM detection? Number of satellites required for RAIM detection AND exclusion?

Answer 2

Remembering we need a minimum of five satellites to provide a RAIM warning.
o For RAIM detection and exclusion 6 satellites required. (Exclusion is to isolate the unacceptable satellite.)

Question 3

7. What is a Katabatic wind?

Answer 3

o A katabatic wind is a down-slope wind that develops as air cools in contact with cold ground and slips down the side of the hill

Question 4

9. Centreline lighting becomes alternating red/white at what distance to the end of the runway? Centreline lighting becomes Red how much distance remains?

Answer 4

o Lighting will be coded to show white from the threshold to a point 914m from the runway end; alternating red and white from 914m to 300m from end; and red between 300m and runway end.

Question 5

11. Headwind component formula is…

Answer 5

o HWC = Surface wind x Cos Angle (Angle is between rwy and wind)

Question 6

12. Crosswind component formula is…

Answer 6

sin30 = .5 (with a wind from 30 degrees the cwc is half the total wind)
sin50 = .75 (with a wind from 50 degrees the cwc is 3/4 the total wind)
sin60 = .9 (with a wind from 60 degrees the cwc is the total wind minus 10%)
sin80 = 1.0 (any wind of more than 80 degrees and your cwc is the total wind) 

CLOCK METHOD
Think of the degrees off the nose as portions of the hour, so >= 60 degrees - 60 minutes - the whole hour - i.e. it’s all crosswind
45 degrees - three quarters hours - three quarters is crosswind component.
30 degrees - 30 minutes - half hour - half is crosswind, etc, etc

Question 7

13. Flying Wellington to Chathams ETP of 1hr 50min, you are 10min ahead of flight plan (tail wind) what effect on ETP? Will it be closer to Wellington or Chathams?

Answer 7

o Closer to Wellington

Question 8

14. What does sweepback do for stability and critical mach?

Answer 8

The primary purpose of sweepback is to increase the value of MCRIT for a given aircraft. Since only the component of the relative airflow across the wing which is parallel with the chord line can be considered as producing/creating lift, only the vector speed of this chordwise component is significant when considering MCRIT. In effect, the wing is persuaded to believe that it is flying slower than it really is; this means that the airspeed can be increased before the effective chordwise component becomes sonic and thus the critical Mach # is raised. This is why a high speed a/c has a swept wing. As the thickness/chord ratio defines the amount of acceleration imposed on the upper surface stream it follows that the thinner the wing, the lower the acceleration, and the higher will be the airspeed before, for this reason alone, the upper flow becomes sonic. This is why a high speed a/c has a thin swept wing.

???Lateral stability (about the longitudinal axis) is reduced. If a straight wing aircraft is yawing it also rolls; this tendency is increased in a swept wing aircraft because the effective spans on both wings are altered. With yaw, both values of V and CL are increased on the outer wing and reduced on the inner wing posing a very marked tendency to roll the aircraft.
Longitudinal stability (about the lateral axis) is also reduced due to the effects of mach tuck.

Question 9

17. At what cabin alt does crew require supplemental O2? What are the oxygen rules?

Answer 9

Pressurised Aircraft when cabin exceeds 10,000ft
Crew supplemental oxygen to be used
Crew supplemental and portable oxygen to be used if away from station.

Pressurised aircraft between FL350-410
1 pilot at controls must be wearing mask which is supplemental or automatic whenever cabin is above FL130
Or if 2 pilots at controls must have access to masks in 5 seconds

Pressurised aircraft above FL410
I pilot at controls wearing mask at all times

Pressurised aircraft in event of pressurisation
failure
Unless aircraft can descend below FL140 in 4 minutes then supplemental oxygen for each passenger to be used whenever cabin is above FL140.

For flights above FL250, all passengers must be demonstrated use of oxygen during the passenger briefing.

Unpressurised Aircraft
When above FL130 continuous oxygen for pax and crew
Between 10,000 and FL130 for more than 30 minutes continuous oxygen for crew and supplemental for passengers.

Question 10

19. Define TEMPO.

Answer 10

o Changes are expected to last for a period of less than an hour and sufficiently infrequently foir the prevailing conditions to remain as reported.

Question 11

20. Define INTER.

Answer 11

o Intermittent changes are expected to last for a period of less than 30 minutes and take place sufficiently infrequently for the prevailing conditions to remain unchanged.

Question 12

21. Which part and stage of a thunderstorm will have the most ice and turbulence?

Answer 12

o Icing – worst at point just above the freezing level from 0° to -10°c
o Turbulence – worst ahead of and below CB

Question 13

22. Explain Advection/Sea fog?

Answer 13

o Advection fog occurs when a warm moist air mass moves over a progressively colder surface. Moist air masses move pole wards over progressively colder waters – resulting in sea fog and most commonly occurs in the warm sectors of depressions. Maybe widespread and persistent even in moderate winds.

Question 14

23. If two aircraft are approaching each other head on and are 225 nm apart at 0000 UTC, what time will they pass if aircraft 1 is doing 420kts and aircraft 2 is doing 480 kts?

Answer 14

o Closing speed is 900 knots: 225/900 = 0.25 = 15 minutes = 0015UTC

Question 15

24. TAS 120kts, Tailwind 60 kts (a-b), Fuel burn 100 kgs/hr. If the aircraft burns 100 kgs in a journey from a-b what will it burn from b-a.

Answer 15

o A-B = 1 hour @ GS 180 knots = 180 nm. GS for return = 60 knots = 3 hours = 300kg

Question 16

25. Burn 8kg/nm. Range with a ton of gas?

Answer 16

Specific range = 125 nm

1000/8=125

Question 17

27. In what situation is MCRIT at its lowest value?

Answer 17

o When the aircraft is at high altitude – as cold temperature means that LSS is lower than at sea level

Question 18

28. If climbing at constant Mach No. What happens to TAS and LSS?

Answer 18

o LSS will decrease with a decrease in temperature so at a constant Mach number the TAS will decrease in the climb.

Question 19

29. What happens to MCRIT with decrease in weight?

Answer 19

o A decrease in weight will increase MCRIT due to reduced angle of attack required

Question 20

30. How would an aircraft reach MCRIT for the lowest TAS?

Answer 20

o When LSS is at its lowest value; i.e. for any range of options the highest and coldest option

Question 21

31. Effect of flap on drag

Answer 21

o An increase in flap setting increases lift and drag.

Question 22

32. Effect of flap on angle of attack at the point of stall

Answer 22

o The use of flap increases the CL of the wing by increasing the camber, therefore a higher angle of attack (effective) can be reached before the stall when compared with a flapless wing. Flap increases the effective angle of attack at the stall and reduces the geometric angle of attack and the stall speed.

Question 23

33. Boundary layer does what as airflow goes from laminar to turbulent?

Answer 23

o The boundary layer thickens in depth and produces more drag and less lift

Question 24

34. Reason for all-moving tailplane?

Answer 24

o Requirement of a large C of G range (large weight changes).
o Need to cover a large speed range
o Need to cope with large trim changes due to wing
o loading and trailing edge high lift devices without limiting the amount of elevator remaining.
o Need to reduce trim drag.

Question 25

35. What assists longitudinal stability? (Fin, Tailplane or dihedral)

Answer 25

o Tailplane

Question 26

36. To correct for a nose heavy aircraft with a variable incidence tailplane, the angle of incidence would ___________ and the leading edge on the tailplane would __________?

Answer 26

o To balance this a downwards force, or a reduction in upwards force is required from the tailplane therefore the angle of incidence would decrease (maybe even negative) and the leading edge would lower.

Question 27

37. In a roll to the right which spoiler extends and which aileron goes down?

Answer 27

o Right spoiler extends and left aileron goes down.

Question 28

39. Instrument rating currency requirement.

Answer 28

Demonstrateed competency to an examiner preceding 12 months (60 days before is ok), in a conventional non-centreline mullti-engine aircraft.

In the preceding 3 months, not less than 3 hours instrument time (1 hour flight time) in appropriate category - OR otherwise the above within 3 months.

Within preceeding 3 months performed 3 published approaches, one can be in approved simulatator.

Prior to carrying out an approach, must have completed one of similar type in preceeding 3 months in flight or approved simulator.

Similar types are:
ILS and PAR
VOR, NDB, LOC
GPS

Question 29

40. Documents to be carried on Air Operation under Pt121?

Documents required on an international flight?

Answer 29

Part 121.855 Documents to be carried on each Air operation:

(a) Each holder of an air operator certificate shall ensure that the following documents are carried on each individual air operation—
(1) details of the operational flight plan; and
(2) NOTAM and aeronautical information service briefing documentation appropriate to the operation; and
(3) meteorological information appropriate to the operation; and
(4) the load manifest; and
(5) notification of dangerous goods; and
(6) copies of the relevant flight guide charts and plates; and
(7) in the case of a regular air transport service, a route guide covering each route flown and alternate aerodromes that may be used.

(b) The holder of an air operator certificate shall ensure that separate copies of the documents referred to in paragraph (a)(7) are available for each pilot performing flight crew duties on the
flight.

??
C of A
AFM
Aircraft Registration
Flight Crew Licences
Valid Maintenance. Release
Load Sheet
Flight records
List of Crew & Passengers
Cargo bills of lading and manifests
List of disposable stores and spare parts
Route Guide (if scheduled)
Flight Plan
Met information
Flight Guide
Dangerous goods notification

Question 30

41. How far out can an ETA be before you must tell ATC?

Answer 30

o 2 mins (part 91.412)

Question 31

42. When can you descend below MDA on circling approach?

Answer 31

When continuous visual reference to terrain is established.

Visibility is equal to or greater than the prescribed minimum for the procedure.

The approach permits a landing to be made using normal manoeuvring and descent rates.

Except for Cat II and Cat III ILS, one of the following is distinctly visible:

• the approach lighting system,
• the threshold markings,
• the threshold lights,
• the runway end identification lights,
• the visual approach slope indicator,
• the touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings,
• the touchdown zone lights,
• the runway or runway markings,
• the runway lights.

Also for circling approaches: visual reference must be maintained throughout circling,

The pilot can see runway threshold lights, approach lights or any other markings which identify the approach end of the runway, and

Obstacle clearance can be maintained to a point from where a constant rate of descent can be held to the intended touchdown point.

Question 32

43. If you go IMC circling downwind? Do you execute the MAP for the “Active” runway or “approach” runway?

Answer 32

Execute the missed approach procedure for the approach that you were on.

It is expected that the pilot will make an initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and overhead the aerodrome where the pilot will establish the aircraft on the missed approach track. Different patterns will be required to establish the aircraft on the prescribed missed approach course depending on its position at the time that visual reference is lost

Question 33

46. If the marker beacons are NOTAM U/S for an ILS; what minima can you go to?

Answer 33

o To ILS minima as long as alternate fix altitudes are nominated on the IAC or NOTAM and are used for altitude checks. Air NZ flight NZ60!!!! Erroneous Glideslope

Question 34

48. What happens to the altimeter if increase baro scale.

Answer 34

o As the altimeter will sense a greater differential the hands will go up

Question 35

49. When will TCAS II not give an RA

Answer 35

• During GPWS warnings.
• Also approx 900 ft rad alt and below, no decent advisory below approx 1500 ft rad alt.

A RA - Resolution Advisory depicted by a solid red square is provided when another transponder equipped aircraft is within 20 - 35 sec’s and within 600ft. Avoidance action is required.

A TA is a yellow circle when traffic is within 25 - 45 sec and 850ft. Aural TRAFFIC alert.

Question 36

50. If GPS satellites orbit the earth every 12 hours, how does a GPS receiver know where to look when first turned on?

Answer 36

o The GPS database carries an “Almanac” of satellite positions and any changes are transmitted to the GPS receiver by means of Service messages

Question 37

45. If you are under ATC speed control, how close to the assigned airspeed must you fly?

Answer 37

o Within 10 knots of assigned speed