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TEAS > TEAS- science pt 4 > Flashcards

TEAS- science pt 4 Flashcards

1
Q

ex: if a scientist observes swans on the lake, and all of the swans that he sees are white, the scientist might conclude that all swans are white
- based on observation

A

inductive reasoning

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2
Q

ex: a scientist might start out with the general premise that all accountants are good with numbers. she might then meet omar, who is an accountant. the scientist would conclude that omar is good with numbers

A

deductive reasoning

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3
Q

shows that one factor increases, the other factor increases

A

direct correlation or positive correlation (direct variation or positive variation)

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4
Q

shows that one factor increases, the other decreases

A

inverse correlation or indirect correlation or negative correlation (variation)

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5
Q

to measure thickness

A

caliper

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6
Q

to measure force

A

spring scale

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7
Q

bone is synthesized within tubular structures called ____, which is made of hydroxylapatite embedded in a matrix of collagen

A

osteon

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8
Q

each osteon consists of concentric layers called ___, which are compact bone tissue that surround a central canal

A

lamellae

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9
Q

how are muscle groups identified

A

size
location
number of origins and insertions
function of muscle

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10
Q

____responds to outside changes

A

somatic nervous system

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11
Q

___ responds to inside changes

A

autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons

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13
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent neurons

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14
Q

in ___ circulation, oxygen-poor blood coming from the blood enters the heart through the right atrium and is pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs to receive oxygen

A

pulmonary circulation

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15
Q

blood is then pumped by the left ventricle to the left atrium and then sent out to the body.. the process of delivering oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body is called

A

systemic circulation

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16
Q

the heart has its own system of blood vessels that specifically circulates blood for its own function

A

coronary system

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17
Q

process of one heartbeat: the heart contracts and blood is forced out; then it relaxes and the heart fills with blood

A

cardiac cycle

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18
Q

movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation

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19
Q

another process of the respiratory system is ____, the process by which cells get energy from nutrients

A

cellular respiration

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20
Q

3 main secretions in the stomach

A

pepsinogen
mucus
hydrochloric acid

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21
Q

once the food is digested in the stomach, the product is called ____

A

chyme

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22
Q

swallowed food mixed with saliva then moves through the esophagus (this is called what?)

A

bolus

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23
Q

the pancreas secretes _____, which helps to break down fats into useful nutrients for the body

A

pancreatic juice

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24
Q

kidneys work with the cardiovascular system to ___ and ___

A

filter blood

maintain blood pressure

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25
Q

metabolic waste that is removed by the kidneys include what things

A

water
carbon dioxide
nitrogenous material

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26
Q

small glands found mainly in thorax and abdomen and help prevent disease by filtering out bacteria in the lymph

A

lymph nodes

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27
Q

___ occurs when the body recognizes these pathogens and creates an action against them

A

immune response

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28
Q

harmful molecules that are recognized and elicit an immune response are

A

antigens

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29
Q

in response to antigens, the body makes ____ to fight off specific antigen cells

A

antibodies

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30
Q

immune system is divided into two categories

A 
innate immunity 
adaptive immunity (acquired)
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31
Q

refers to nonspecific response mechanisms that begin immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance

  • includes physical barriers such as skin and mucus
  • chemicals in the blood
  • immune system cells that attack foreign cells in body
A

innate immunity

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32
Q

refers to antigen-specific response and is more complex

-provides memory of an antigen that makes future responses to that antigen more specific

A

adaptive immunity (acquired)

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33
Q

if pathogens successfully enter the body, often a ___ or ___ will occur to fight off infection

A

fever

inflammation

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34
Q

special white blood cells, that are formed in response to certain antigens

A

lymphocytes

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35
Q

some examples of lymphocytes include

A

natural killer cells
T cells
B cells

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36
Q

work against cells infected with bacteria and viruses

A

natural killer cells

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37
Q

attack body cells infected with antigens

A

T cells

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38
Q

produce specific antibodies

A

B cells

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39
Q

develops from natural exposure to pathogens and an immune response
-can also be mimicked through vaccinations

A

active immunity

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40
Q

elicits a temporary response when a person is given antibodies produced by another person or animal

A

passive immunity

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41
Q

if the immune system mistakenly targets host cells, this leads to _____

A

autoimmune disease

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42
Q

of the 20 primary amino acids, only ____ of these can be produced by the body itself

A

11

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43
Q

9 amino acids must be obtained through the diet, they are known as

A

essential amino acids

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44
Q

proteins synthesize and repair ___

A

DNA

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45
Q

proteins respond to ___

A

stimuli

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46
Q

proteins send and receive ____

A

chemical signals

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47
Q

___ is a component found in carbohydrates that cannot be digested by the body

A

fiber

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48
Q

once digested, lipids are broken down into

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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49
Q

prokaryote cells are represented in what two types of organisms

A

bacteria and archaea

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50
Q

glucose + oxygen–> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

A

cellular respiration in the mitochondria (aerobic respiration)

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51
Q

water + carbon dioxide + sun’s energy–> glucose + oxygen

A

photosynthesis

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52
Q

which is larger, RNA or DNA?

A

DNA

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53
Q

refers to the genetic makeup in its chromosomes

A

genotype

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54
Q

refers to the entire genetic material of an individual

A

genome

55
Q

the english geneticist _____ created a diagram for predicting the outcomes when crossbreeding genotypes

A

reginald punnett

56
Q

father of genetics, german monk

  • his work with pea plants led him to notice a mathematical distribution in traits among offspring allowing him to codify the laws of inheritances
  • he discovered that some traits are recessive and some are dominant
A

gregor mendel

57
Q

___ and ___ each have a mass of 1 atomic mass unit

A

proton and neutron

58
Q

s orbitals

A

max 2 electrons

59
Q

p orbital

A

max 6 electrons

60
Q

d orbital

A

max 18 electrons

61
Q

f orbital

A

max 32

62
Q

state of matter depends on __ and __

A

temperature

pressure

63
Q

higher temperature cause molecules to energize and move _____

A

farther apart

64
Q

increasing pressure forces molecules _____

A

closer together

65
Q

which of the following is a type of external chemical barrier provided by the body’s innate immune system

A

salt

66
Q

which type of nutrient is broken down by trypsin?

A

protein

67
Q

if a scientist wants to determine the rate at which an enyzme works, what could he or she measure

A

the rate at which the product appears

68
Q

how many kingdoms of life are there?

A

6

69
Q

what prevents ultraviolet radiation produced by the sun from damaging life on earth?

A

ozone layer

70
Q

____ is flexible, whereas a ___ is rigid

A

cell membrane

cell wall

71
Q

which of the following can be found in abundance in a fatigued muscle?

A

lactic acid

72
Q

cilia can be found in

A

bronchi
upper airways
fallopian tubes

73
Q

tidal volume is the amount of air moved during

A

shallow breathing

74
Q

two fatty acids bonded to a phosphate group

A

phospholipids

75
Q

component of membranes, and many are precursors to significant hormones

A

steroids

76
Q

most significant contributor to cellular function

A

proteins

77
Q

glycolysis produces

A

2 molecules of ATP
2 molecules of pyruvate
2 molecules of NADH

78
Q

for a single consumed glucose molecule what is produced in kreb’s cycle?

A

2 molecules of ATP
6 molecules of CO2
6 molecules of NADH

79
Q

a molecule of water is bonded with another molecule of water by what type of bond?

A

hydrogen bond

80
Q

what is the fundamental unit of biology?

A

cell

81
Q

what are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production

A

cellular respiration

fermentation

82
Q

what is the function of water in photosynthesis?

A

supply electrons in the light reactions

83
Q

because genetics is the study of heredity, many human disorders can be determined by studying a person’s chromosomes or by creating which of the following?

A

pedigree

84
Q

chemical reactions in living systems proceed along catabolic pathways, and there tends to be an increase in which of the following?

A

entropy

85
Q

only movable bone of the skull

A

mandible

86
Q

examples of tropic hormones

A

TSH
FSH
somatotropin (growth hormone)
LH

87
Q

vasodilation and vasoconstriction result from which of the following?

A

relaxation and contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial wall

88
Q

what type of genetic mutation occurs when a piece of DNA breaks off the chromosome and attaches to a different chromosome

A

translocation

89
Q

which chemicals are responsible for conveying along a nerve cell

A

sodium and potassium

90
Q

what plant hormone causes fruit to ripen

A

ethylene

91
Q

purpose of the stigma?

A

to gather pollen

92
Q

3 fibers found in cytoskeleton

A

microfilament
microtubule
intermediate filament

93
Q

alcohols have which common structure

A

hydroxyl group

94
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

entropy is always increasing in the universe

95
Q

quantity of matter an object has

A

mass

96
Q

what law describes the electric force between two charged particles

A

coulomb’s law

97
Q

what process transfers thermal energy through matter directly from particle to particle

A

conduction

98
Q

what kind of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA

A

covalent bond

99
Q

an anaerobic process where yeasts act on sugar solution to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol

A

fermentation

100
Q

oxygen debt is created due to the build-up of ___ in the ____, which needs a high level of oxygen to be oxidized

A

lactic acid, muscles

101
Q

ileum absorbs ___ and ___

A

bile salts

B12

102
Q

villi are only present in the ___

A

small intestine

103
Q

does the large intestine secrete enzymes?

A

no

104
Q

villi contain ___ for the absorption of fats

A

lacteals

105
Q

maturation and development of T cells take place in what region?

A

thymus gland

106
Q

volume of air that remains present in the lungs, even after inhalation/exhalation, is called ____ and is about ___ liters

A

residual volume, 1.2 liters

107
Q

what causes a moving body to resist a change in its state of motion

A

inertia

108
Q

a change in the gravitational field affects which property of a body?

A

weight

109
Q

have magnitude but no direction

-mass, speed, time

A

scalar

110
Q

have both magnitude and direction

-velocity, acceleration, force

A

vector

111
Q

a large amount of energy is produced in the center of sun by which phenomenon

A

nuclear fusion

112
Q

the spine and hips belong to what type of bones?

A

irregular bones

113
Q

what are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity called?

A

phagocytes

114
Q

which of the following has the least amount of sweat glands?

  • axilla
  • palms
  • forehead
  • back
A

back

115
Q

which of the following is needed for an experiment to be considered successful

A

data that others can reproduce

116
Q

what is the name of a condition where the heart rate is at 118 beats per minute

A

tachycardia

117
Q

normal heart beat rate for healthy adult heart

A

60-100

118
Q

absence of respirations

A

apnea

119
Q

a slower than normal heart rate

A

bradycardia

120
Q

presence of rapid respirations

A

tachypnea

121
Q

faster than normal heart rate at rest

A

tachycardia

122
Q

most bones in the limbs are ____, including thighs, forearms, and fingers

A

long bones

123
Q

variable in the experiment that has not been changed by the experimenter but is subjected to the same processes as the other tested components

A

control

124
Q

control center of cell

A

nucleus

125
Q

responsible for cell movement

A

cilia

flagella

126
Q

helps cell maintain its shape and protects it from environment

A

cell membrane

127
Q

process by which simple, less specialized cells become highly specialized, complex cells

A

cellular differentiation

128
Q

store hereditary information and thus allow hereditary traits to be passed from parents to offspring

A

genes

129
Q

sweat glands in high concentration

A 
axilla
perianal gland
forehead
palsm
soles
groin
130
Q

sweat glands in low concnetration

A

back

legs

131
Q

specialized type of white blood cells that play an important role in the immune response of all humans

A

T cells

132
Q

produced in bone marrow, but they mature in the thymus gland

A

T cells

133
Q

increased levels of thyroxine can cause ___

A

tachycardia (increased heart rate)

134
Q

decreased levels of thyroxine can cause ___

A

bradycardia (decreased heart rate)

TEAS (6 decks)

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