TEAS- science pt 2 Flashcards
steps in scientific method
formulate problem hypothesis experiment observation conclusion
used to measure luminous intensity
candela
used to measure the amount of a substance at molecular level
mole
used to measure electric current
ampere
proton donor
acid
proton acceptor
base
definite volume and shape
solid
solid has low or high density
high density
least movable matter
solid
volume remains constant but it assumes shape of its container
liquid
liquid has high or low density
low
assumes volume and shape of its container
gas
gas has high or low density
low
higher concentration to lower concentration
diffusion
area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
osmosis
3 types of passive transport
diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
form of heat transfer that requires contact
conducton
most basic type of matter
element
how capable an atom is of attracting a pair of bonding elements
electronegativity
located in small intestine, protect digestive tract from pathogens
peyer’s patch
each kidney consists of what 3 layers
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
regulate metabolism and secrete thyroxine, calcitonin, and tridothyronie
thyroid gland
controls caridac function; increase blood sugar and controls size of blood vessels
adrenal medulla
monitors blood sugar level; help in lipid and protein metabolism
adrenal cortex
temperature of body is controlled by a negative feedback system which consists of 3 things
control center- hypothalamus
receptors- sensory cells
effector- sweat glands, blood vessels, muscles
how many muscles in human body
over 600
3 parts of midbrain
tectum
tegmentum
ventral tegmentum
forebrain includes
cerebrum
hypothalamus
thalamus
hindbrain includes
medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum
located behind stomach, have exocrine and endocrine tissues
pancreas
liver functions
produce bile produce cholesterol produce blood plasma proteins regulate amino acids regulate blood clot storage of glycogen conversion of ammonia to urea purification of blood
largest gland
liver
liver has how many lobes
4
liver’s functional units
lobules
protein digestion begins in the
stomach
located behind stomach and below diaphragm, filters blood stores of RBCs and macrophagus
spleen
diaphragm relax
intercostal muscles relax
size of chest cavity decreases
exhalation (expiration)
diaphragm contracts and moves down
size of chest cavity increases
ribs expand
intercostal muscles contract
inhalation (inspiration)
how does respiratory system maintain acid-base homeostasis
hyperventilation to increase the pH during acidosis
slow breathing to decrease the pH during alkalosis
airway is lined with ___ that trap microbes and debris and sweep them back into mouth
cilia
digestive system develops from
endoderm
muscular system develops from
mesoderm
nervous system develops from
ectoderm
entire cell cycle in animals takes
24 hours
appendages extending from surface of cell, causes cell to move
cilia
tail-like structures on cells that use whip-like movements to help cell move
flagella
4 functions of mitochondrai
energy
cell signaling
cell differentiation
cell cycle and growth regulation
___ consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell
cytoskeleton
who developed the theory of evolution
charles darwin
3 types of lipids
fatty acids
phospholipids
steroids
2 types of fatty acids
saturated- no double bond and solid
unsaturated- double bond and liquid
largest of biological molecules
proteins
most important component of the cell
cell membrane
glycolysis takes place where?
cytosol/cytoplasm
kreb’s cycle or citric acid cycle takes place where?
matrix of mitochondria
glucose–>pyruvate
glycolysis
for each glucose molecule how much ATP is produced in ETC?
28-32 ATP
photosynthesis consists of two stages
light reactions
calvin cycle
two types of asexual reproduction
mitosis
binary fission
examples of steroids
cholesterol
testosterone
estrogen
which of the following properties is responsible for the passage of water through a plant?
cohesion
contain carbon
- glucose, guanine, triacylgycerol
- carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
organic
don’t contain carbon
-minerals: potassium, iron, sodium
inorganic
adenine and guanine are ___
purines
cytosine and thymine and uracil are ___
pyramidines
adenine pairs with
thymine or uracil
guanine pairs with
cytosine
2 types of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
lactic acid
alcohol
yeast is involved in ____ fermentation
alcohol
fungi and bacteria or sometimes humans are involved in ___ fermentation
lactic acid
most common type of fermentation
alcohol
meiosis creates genetic variation in what 3 ways
crossing over
random fertilization
independent assortment
an elaborate cellular signaling mechanism that determines when a cell dies
-prevents overgrowth
apoptosis
DNA replication 3 steps
initiation
elongation
termination
charles law deals with
volume and temperature
most abundant biomolecules
carbohydrates
freezing point of water
0C or 32F
boiling point of water
100C or 212F
body temp
37C or 98.6F
Celsius->Farhenheit
9/5x+32
farhenheit–>celsius
-32, 5/9x
celsius–>kelvin
+273
kelvin–>celsius
-273
farhenheit–>kelvin
+460, 5/9x
kelvin–>farhenheit
9/5x-460
freezing point in kelvin
273
boiling point in kelvin
373 K
body temp in kelvin
310
homogenous mixture of 2 substances
solution
mixture of different elements to create a single matter
compounds
mixtures of matter that are readily separate such as water and oil
emulsion
strongest bond
covalent (usually nonmetal and nonmetal)
3 types of intermolecular forces
hydrogen
dipole-dipole
dispersion forces
weakest of all forces
dispersion forces (london dispersion forces)
largest of radiation
alpha
can generally be stopped by a piece of paper
alpha
high energy, high speed electrons
-stopped by a thin sheet of alumnium foil, plastic
beta
similar to x-rays but with more energy
- very penetrating
- can go through concrete or lead
gamma
contains the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes of mitochondria
matrix
folds of matrix are called
cristae
meaning towards the head
cephalad or cephalic
toward the tail or posterior
caudad
upper respiratory includes
nose nasal cavity mouth pharynx larynx
lower respiratory includes
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs
airway includes
nose nasal cavity mouth pharynx (throat) larynx (voice box) trachea bronchi bronchial network
an adult human has about how much blood
5 quarts
flow of blood to the heart tissue
- blood enters the coronary arteries, which branch off aorta, supplying major arteries, which enter the heart with oxygenated blood
- deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium through cardiac veins which empty into coronary sinus
coronary circulation
the flow of blood between heart and lungs
- deoxygenated blood flows from right ventricle to the lungs through pulmonary arteries
- oxygenated blood flows back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood to the entire body with the exception of coronary circulation and pulmonary circulation
-blood exits the left ventricle through the aorta, which branches into carotid arteries, suclavian arteries, common iliac arteries, renal artery
systemic circulation
secretes hormones and is major site of lymphocyte production
thymus
increases heart rate
signals adrenal glands to sercrete adrenaline
trigger dilation of pupils
slows digestion
sympathetic
decreases heart rate
signals adrenal glands to stop secreting adrenaline
constricts pupils
returns digestion process to normal
parasympathetic
myofibrils contain two protein microfilaments
myosin (thick)
actin (thin)
dark bands (striations) in skeletal muscles are formed when
thick and thin filaments overlap
external structure of male reproductive system
penis
scrotum
testes
contains the urethra, can fill with blood and become erect, enabling the deposition of semen and sperm into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse
penis
sac of skin and smooth muscle that houses the testes and keeps the testes at proper temperature for spermatogenesis
scrotum
male gonads, which produce sperm and testosterone
testes or testicles
internal structure of male reproductive system includes
epididymis vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra seminal vessicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands
stores the sperm as it matures
epididymis
secrete alkaline fluids with proteins and mucus into the ejaculator duct
seminal vesicles
secretes a milky white fluid with proteins and enzymes as part of the semen
prostate gland
known as cowper’s glands that secrete a fluid into urethra to neutralize the acidity in the urethra
bulbourethral gland
stimulates spermatogenesis
FSH
stimulates testosterone production
LH
responsible for male sex characteristics
testosterone
external portion of female reproductive
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
bartholin’s glands
enclose and protect vagina
labia majora and minora
secrete a lubricating fluid in vagina
bartholin’s glands
contains erectile tissue and nerve endings for sensual pleasure
clitoris
internal portion of female reproductive
uterus
fallopian tubes
ovaries
vagina
female gonads
ovaries
produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
muscular tube that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body
vagina
isotopes denoted by element symbol preceded in _____
mass number
atomic number
atoms of the same element may bond together to form ____ or crystalline solids
molecules
decrease reaction rates
inhibitors
synthesis reaction is also known as
combination
addition
decomposition reaction is also known as
desynthesis
decombination
dconstruction
acid and base react to form
water and salt
sequence of chemical reactions involving fuel and an oxidant that produces heat and sometimes light
combustion reaction
combustion reaction is considered endotehrmic or exothermic?
exothermic
piece of lab glassware used to accurately dispense liquid
burette
are used for precise measurements and are considered more accurate than flasks or beakers
graduated cylinder
most accurate balance
electronic balance
