TBL1

Question 1

What are the (3) Major sites of ureter constriction?

Answer 1

1. Ureter-Renal pelvic junction
2. Crossing the pelvic inlet (Split of common iliac to external & internal iliac)
3. Passage through the wall of the urinary bladder

Question 2

Explain Testicular Varicocele.
What are the causes?
What are the symptoms?

Answer 2

Testicular Varicocele: Varicose (Dilated) & Tortuous pampiniform plexus of veins resulting in a varicocele.

• Predominantly occurs on the Left Side

Causes:

1. Defective valves of the Testicular v.
2. Kidney or renal v. complications

Symptoms:

• Visible enlargement of scrotum when standing or straining
  
  • Palplating this mass is like feeling a bag of worms
• Absence of enlargement when in the supine position (gravity-driven drainage of veins)

Question 3

What are the (4) Portal-caval anastomoses?

What problems are associated with 3 of them?

Answer 3

1. Esophageal | Esophageal Varices
2. Parumbilical | Caput Medusae
3. Rectal | Hemorrhoids
4. Retro-peritoneal

Question 4

ID the major branches of the abdominal aorta from superior to inferior.

Answer 4

1. Celiac Trunk
2. Suprarenal
3. Superior Mesenteric
4. Renal
5. Testicular/ovarian
6. Inferior Mesenteric
7. Common Iliac
8. Internal Iliac
9. External Iliac

Question 5

What are the (3) openings of the diaphragm?

What passes through them?

What are the vertebral-levels associated with the openings?

Answer 5

1. Vena Caval Foramen (T8)
   
   1. IVC
   2. R Phrenic n.
2. Esophageal Hiatus (T10)
   
   1. Vagal Trunks
3. Aortic Hiatus (T12)
   
   1. Thoracic Duct
   2. Azygous V.