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Gross Anatomy > Back: MsK Basics > Flashcards

Back: MsK Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the (2) categories of back muscles?

A
  1. Superficial (Extrinsic) muscles
  • 1st layer:
    • Trapezius
    • Latissimus Dorsi
  • 2nd layer:
    • Levator Scapulae
    • Rhomboid Major
    • Rhomboid Minor
  • 3rd Layer:
    • Serratus Posterior Superior
    • Serratus Posterior Inferior
  1. Deep (Intrinsic) (Epaxial) Muscles
  • Superficial
    • Splenius muscles:
      • Splenius Capitis
      • Splenius Cervicis
  • Intermediate
    • Erector Spinae:
      • Spinalis
      • Longissimus
      • Iliocostalis
  • Deep
    • Semispinalis muscles
      • Semispinalis cervicis
      • Semispinalis capitis
    • Rotatores
    • Multifidus
  • Deep Minor
    • Interspinales
    • Intertransversarii
    • Levatores Costarum
  • Suboccipital muscles
    • Obliquus Capitis Inferior
    • Obliquus Capitis Superior
    • Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
    • Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
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2
Q

Whats is the general function of the Superficial (Extrinsic) muscles?

Innervation?

A

Move the upper limb & retraction of the scapula

Primarily innervated by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

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3
Q

Whats is the general function of the Deep (Intrinsic; Epaxial) muscles?

Innervation?

A

Move & stabilize the vertebral column; Primarily extension of the trunk

Innervated by Dorsal Rami of spinal nerves

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4
Q

What is the function of the Trapezius Muscle?

What letter represents this muscle group?

A

Elevate/Depresses/Retracts the Scapula

A

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5
Q

What is the function of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle?

What letter represents this muscle group?

A

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm

B

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6
Q

What is the function of the Levator Scapulae Muscle?

What letter represents this muscle group?

A

Elevates the Scapula

C

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7
Q

What is the function of the Rhomboid Muscles (Major & Minor)?

What letter represents these muscle groups?

A

Retraction of the scapula

Minor: D

Major: E

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8
Q

ID the superficial muscles.

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
  3. Levator Scapulae
  4. Rhomboid Minor
  5. Rhomboid Major
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9
Q

What muscles fall under Intermediate muscles?

A

A. Serratus Posterior Superior

B. Serratus Posterior Inferior

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10
Q

What covers the deep muscles?

ID the deep back muscles

A

Thoracolumbar Fascia covers the deep back muscles.

  1. Splenius muscles:
    1. Splenius Capitis
    2. Splenis Cervicis
  2. Erector Spinae muscles:
    1. Spinalis
    2. Longissimus
    3. Iliocostalis
  3. Transversospinalis muscles:
    1. Semispinalis capitis
    2. *more
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11
Q

Innervation of the Trapezius muscle

A

CN XI: Accessory Nerve

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12
Q

Innervation of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle

A

Thoracodorsal n.

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13
Q

Innervation of the Levator Scapulae muscle

A

Dorsal Scapular n. (off brachial plexus)

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14
Q

Innervation of the Rhomboid muscles

A

Dorsal Scapular n. (off brachial plexus)

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15
Q

What is the function of the intermediate muscles (Serratus Posterior Superior & Inferior)?

What is the innervation?

A

Move the ribs during respiration

Intercostal n. (anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves)

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16
Q

ID the Splenius muscles.

What are their function?

A

Splenius Capitis & Cervicis

Function:

  • Unilaterally: Laterally flex the head and neck
  • Bilaterally: Extend the head and neck
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17
Q

What are the (3) Erector Spinae muscles?

Compare their positions medial to lateral

A

Erector Spinae muscles

  1. Spinalis
  2. Longissimus
  3. Iliocostalis

Medial to Lateral: Spinalis > Longissimus > Iliocostalis

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18
Q

ID the Transversospinalis muscle being covered.

What is its function?

A

Semispinalis Capitis

Extends & rotates the head

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19
Q

Which letter Identifies Levator Scapulae?

A

C.

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20
Q

Which letter identifies Rhomboid Major? Rhomboid Minor?

A

D. Minor

E. Major

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21
Q

A & B Identify which muscle groups?

A

A. Serratus Posterior Superior

B. Serratus Posterior Inferior

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22
Q

The arrow points to which structure?

A

Thoracolumbar Fascia

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23
Q

The letters identify which muscles groups?

What are their function?

A

A. Splenius Capitis

B. Splenius Cervicis

–

Unilaterally; Flex the head/neck laterally

Bilaterally; Extend the head and neck

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24
Q

What muscle is depicted here?

A

Erector Spinae- Spinalis

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25
Q

Which muscle is depicted here?

A

Erector Spinae- Longissimus

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26
Q

Which muscle is depicted here?

A

Erector Spinae- iliocostalis

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27
Q

What muscle is depicted here?

What is it’s function?

A

Semispinalis Capitis

Extend & Rotate the head

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28
Q

Input comes through what type of neurons?

A

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

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29
Q

An aggregation of functionally related nerve cell bodies INSIDE the CNS are referred to as

A

A Nucleus

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30
Q

An aggregation of functionally related nerve cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS

A

Ganglion

31
Q

Output travels through what type of neurons?

A

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

32
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of axons

Depending on the location a nerve can be called;

Rootlet, root, trunk, division, cord, ramus, nerve, or branch.

33
Q

While the CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, the PNS is comprised of what components?

A

Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, and ganglia

34
Q

The Spinal Cord is composed of what?

A

Outer: White Matter (Myelinated Axons)

Inner: Gray Matter (Neuron Cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated nerve processes)

35
Q

What part resembles a Horse Tail?

A

Cauda Equina; collection of anterior/posterior nerve roots extending inferiorly below the terminal end of the spinal cord

36
Q

What is the continuation of the Pia Mater extending to the coccyx? What is it’s function?

A

Filum Terminale: Anchors the Spinal Cord

37
Q

The cone-shaped terminal portion of the spinal cord is referred to as what?

A

Conus Medullaris

38
Q

Collection of nerve axons extending off the spinal cord are referred to as

A

Roots

39
Q

Anterior Roots are what type of nerves?

Posterior Roots?

A

Anterior: Output | Motor (efferent) nerves

Posterior: Input | Sensory (Afferent) nerves

40
Q

How does the length of the spinal cord change from embryo to adulthood?

A

Embryo: Extends entire length of vertebral canal

Infant: Ends around L3

Adult: Ends around L1-L2 (w/ variation)

41
Q

What are the (3) meningeal layers from superficial to deep

A
  • Dura Mater
    • Arachnoid Mater
      • Pia Mater
42
Q

What is the space between the Vertebra and the Dura Mater?

What does it consist of?

A

Epidural Space; contains fat, blood vessels, etc.

43
Q

What space lies between the Dura and Arachnoid Mater?

A

SubDural Space

44
Q

Which space lies between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater?

What does it consist of?

A

Subarachnoid Space; Filled with CSF

45
Q

How do the Dorsal roots differ from the Ventral roots after they split from the Dorsal/Ventral Rami?

A

There is a Dorsal Root Ganglia between the Dorsal Root and the spinal nerve formation

46
Q

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there?

How many are in each sub category?

A

A. 31

B.

(8) Cervical (C1-C8)
(12) Thoracic (T1-T12)
(5) Lumbar (L1-L5)
(5) Sacral (S1-S5)
(1) Coccygeal (Coc1)

47
Q
A

Rehearse

48
Q

How do Somatic Motor & Autonomic Motor pathways Differ?

A

Somatic Motor: Single neuron from the spinal cord to skeletal muscle

Autonomic Motor: Two Neurons from the spinal cord to the target tissue

49
Q

What are the neurons involved in the Autonomic Motor circuit? Where do they associate?

A

Spinal Cord > Pre-Ganglionic > Autonomic Ganglion > Post Ganglionic > Target Tissue

50
Q

How does the Sympathetic chain associate with the nerve pathway?

A

Through grey & white rami communicates to the Ventral Ramus

51
Q

Describe the pathway of Sympathetic Innervation

A
  • Grey Mater of the spinal cord (levels T1 -L2)
    • Leave Spinal cord via Anterior Ramus
      • Enter White Ramus
        • Travel to Sympathetic Trunk

Possible routes from the Sympathetic Trunk;

  1. Ascend and then Synapse
  2. Synapse at the level entry
  3. Descend and then Synapse
  4. Pass through trunk w/o synapsing
52
Q
A
53
Q

What are the functions of the Vertebral Column? (4)

A
  1. Protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves
  2. Supports the weight of the body superior to the pelvis
  3. Provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body and pivot point for the head
  4. Role in posture and locomotion
54
Q
  1. Adults have how many vertebra?
  2. What are the (5) regions?
  3. How many vertebra are in each region?
A
  1. 33 Vertebrae
  2. (7) Cervical
    (12) Thoracic
    (5) Lumbar
    (5) Sacral
    (4) Coccygeal
55
Q

What are the Primary Curvatures?

When do they develop?

A

Primary Curvatures develop during the fetal period and include;

Thoracic & Sacral Kyphosis

56
Q

How can can you differentiate Cervical Vertebra

A
  1. Transverse Foramina
  2. Smaller Spinous processes, bifid from C2-C6
  3. Triangular Vertabral Foramen
57
Q

How can Thoracic Vertebra be differentiated?

A
  1. Lacking Transverse Foramen
  2. Transverse processes are long/strong
  3. Costal Facets on Transverse processes and body
  4. Spinous Processes are long, angled inferiorly, and overlap the inferior vertebra
  5. Heart-Shaped Body
58
Q

How are Lumbar Vertebra differentiated?

A
  1. Lack of transverse foramina
  2. Lack of Facets on Transverse process and body
  3. Larger body size
  4. Spinous process is short, broad, and blunt
  5. Kidney-Shaped Body
59
Q

What are Secondary curvatures?

How do they arise?

A

Secondary curvatures develop separately during infancy;

Cervical lordosis develops when infants begin raising their head

Lumbar lordosis develops when infants begin walking

60
Q

The Head of the Rib articulates where?

A

The head of the ribs articulate at the articular facets located on the body of Thoracic vertebra

61
Q

This is an example of what type of vertebra?

A

Thoracic Vertebra

62
Q

This is an example of what type of vertebra?

A

Lumbar Vertebra

63
Q

This is an example of what type of vertebra?

A

Cervical Vertebra

64
Q

The question mark refers to what region?

A

Pars Interarticularis

65
Q

This refers to what articulation?

A

Atlanto-Occipital Articulation

66
Q

Identify A, B, & C

What is the significance of C?

A

A: Inferior Notch

B: Superior Notch

C: Intervertebral Foramen

This is the location where spinal nerves exit the spinal cord

67
Q

Identify A & B

Where is there no IV disc present within the vertebral column?

A

A: Anulus Fibrosus

B: Nucleus Pulposus

There is no IV disc present between C1 & C2

68
Q

This is an example of what condition?

A

Thoracic Kyphosis

69
Q

This is an example of what condition?

A

Lumbar Lordosis

70
Q

This is an example of what condition?

A

Scoliosis

71
Q

Identify the Laminae

A

B

72
Q

What is Clinical Kyphosis? Lordosis?

A
  1. Clinical Kyphosis is EXCESSIVE Thoracic curvature
  2. Clinical Lordosis is EXCESSIVE Lumbar curvature
73
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature and rotation of the vertebral column

74
Q
A

Gross Anatomy (23 decks)

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