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Gross Anatomy > Back: MsK Basics > Flashcards

Back: MsK Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the (2) categories of back muscles?

A
  1. Superficial (Extrinsic) muscles
  • 1st layer:
    • Trapezius
    • Latissimus Dorsi
  • 2nd layer:
    • Levator Scapulae
    • Rhomboid Major
    • Rhomboid Minor
  • 3rd Layer:
    • Serratus Posterior Superior
    • Serratus Posterior Inferior
  1. Deep (Intrinsic) (Epaxial) Muscles
  • Superficial
    • Splenius muscles:
      • Splenius Capitis
      • Splenius Cervicis
  • Intermediate
    • Erector Spinae:
      • Spinalis
      • Longissimus
      • Iliocostalis
  • Deep
    • Semispinalis muscles
      • Semispinalis cervicis
      • Semispinalis capitis
    • Rotatores
    • Multifidus
  • Deep Minor
    • Interspinales
    • Intertransversarii
    • Levatores Costarum
  • Suboccipital muscles
    • Obliquus Capitis Inferior
    • Obliquus Capitis Superior
    • Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
    • Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
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2
Q

Whats is the general function of the Superficial (Extrinsic) muscles?

Innervation?

A

Move the upper limb & retraction of the scapula

Primarily innervated by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

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3
Q

Whats is the general function of the Deep (Intrinsic; Epaxial) muscles?

Innervation?

A

Move & stabilize the vertebral column; Primarily extension of the trunk

Innervated by Dorsal Rami of spinal nerves

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4
Q

What is the function of the Trapezius Muscle?

What letter represents this muscle group?

A

Elevate/Depresses/Retracts the Scapula

A

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5
Q

What is the function of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle?

What letter represents this muscle group?

A

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm

B

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6
Q

What is the function of the Levator Scapulae Muscle?

What letter represents this muscle group?

A

Elevates the Scapula

C

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7
Q

What is the function of the Rhomboid Muscles (Major & Minor)?

What letter represents these muscle groups?

A

Retraction of the scapula

Minor: D

Major: E

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8
Q

ID the superficial muscles.

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
  3. Levator Scapulae
  4. Rhomboid Minor
  5. Rhomboid Major
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9
Q

What muscles fall under Intermediate muscles?

A

A. Serratus Posterior Superior

B. Serratus Posterior Inferior

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10
Q

What covers the deep muscles?

ID the deep back muscles

A

Thoracolumbar Fascia covers the deep back muscles.

  1. Splenius muscles:
    1. Splenius Capitis
    2. Splenis Cervicis
  2. Erector Spinae muscles:
    1. Spinalis
    2. Longissimus
    3. Iliocostalis
  3. Transversospinalis muscles:
    1. Semispinalis capitis
    2. *more
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11
Q

Innervation of the Trapezius muscle

A

CN XI: Accessory Nerve

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12
Q

Innervation of the Latissimus Dorsi muscle

A

Thoracodorsal n.

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13
Q

Innervation of the Levator Scapulae muscle

A

Dorsal Scapular n. (off brachial plexus)

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14
Q

Innervation of the Rhomboid muscles

A

Dorsal Scapular n. (off brachial plexus)

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15
Q

What is the function of the intermediate muscles (Serratus Posterior Superior & Inferior)?

What is the innervation?

A

Move the ribs during respiration

Intercostal n. (anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves)

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16
Q

ID the Splenius muscles.

What are their function?

A

Splenius Capitis & Cervicis

Function:

  • Unilaterally: Laterally flex the head and neck
  • Bilaterally: Extend the head and neck
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17
Q

What are the (3) Erector Spinae muscles?

Compare their positions medial to lateral

A

Erector Spinae muscles

  1. Spinalis
  2. Longissimus
  3. Iliocostalis

Medial to Lateral: Spinalis > Longissimus > Iliocostalis

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18
Q

ID the Transversospinalis muscle being covered.

What is its function?

A

Semispinalis Capitis

Extends & rotates the head

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19
Q

Which letter Identifies Levator Scapulae?

A

C.

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20
Q

Which letter identifies Rhomboid Major? Rhomboid Minor?

A

D. Minor

E. Major

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21
Q

A & B Identify which muscle groups?

A

A. Serratus Posterior Superior

B. Serratus Posterior Inferior

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22
Q

The arrow points to which structure?

A

Thoracolumbar Fascia

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23
Q

The letters identify which muscles groups?

What are their function?

A

A. Splenius Capitis

B. Splenius Cervicis

–

Unilaterally; Flex the head/neck laterally

Bilaterally; Extend the head and neck

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24
Q

What muscle is depicted here?

A

Erector Spinae- Spinalis

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25
Which muscle is depicted here?
Erector Spinae- Longissimus
26
Which muscle is depicted here?
Erector Spinae- iliocostalis
27
What muscle is depicted here? What is it's function?
Semispinalis Capitis Extend & Rotate the head
28
Input comes through what type of neurons?
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
29
An aggregation of functionally related nerve cell bodies INSIDE the CNS are referred to as
A Nucleus
30
An aggregation of functionally related nerve cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS
Ganglion
31
Output travels through what type of neurons?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
32
What is a nerve?
A bundle of axons Depending on the location a nerve can be called; Rootlet, root, trunk, division, cord, ramus, nerve, or branch.
33
While the CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, the PNS is comprised of what components?
Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, and ganglia
34
The Spinal Cord is composed of what?
Outer: White Matter (Myelinated Axons) Inner: Gray Matter (Neuron Cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated nerve processes)
35
What part resembles a Horse Tail?
Cauda Equina; collection of anterior/posterior nerve roots extending inferiorly below the terminal end of the spinal cord
36
What is the continuation of the Pia Mater extending to the coccyx? What is it's function?
Filum Terminale: Anchors the Spinal Cord
37
The cone-shaped terminal portion of the spinal cord is referred to as what?
Conus Medullaris
38
Collection of nerve axons extending off the spinal cord are referred to as
Roots
39
Anterior Roots are what type of nerves? Posterior Roots?
Anterior: Output | Motor (efferent) nerves Posterior: Input | Sensory (Afferent) nerves
40
How does the length of the spinal cord change from embryo to adulthood?
Embryo: Extends entire length of vertebral canal Infant: Ends around L3 Adult: Ends around L1-L2 (w/ variation)
41
What are the (3) meningeal layers from superficial to deep
* Dura Mater * Arachnoid Mater * Pia Mater
42
What is the space between the Vertebra and the Dura Mater? What does it consist of?
Epidural Space; contains fat, blood vessels, etc.
43
What space lies between the Dura and Arachnoid Mater?
SubDural Space
44
Which space lies between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater? What does it consist of?
Subarachnoid Space; Filled with CSF
45
How do the Dorsal roots differ from the Ventral roots after they split from the Dorsal/Ventral Rami?
There is a Dorsal Root Ganglia between the Dorsal Root and the spinal nerve formation
46
How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there? How many are in each sub category?
A. 31 B. (8) Cervical (C1-C8) (12) Thoracic (T1-T12) (5) Lumbar (L1-L5) (5) Sacral (S1-S5) (1) Coccygeal (Coc1)
47
Rehearse
48
How do Somatic Motor & Autonomic Motor pathways Differ?
Somatic Motor: Single neuron from the spinal cord to skeletal muscle Autonomic Motor: Two Neurons from the spinal cord to the target tissue
49
What are the neurons involved in the Autonomic Motor circuit? Where do they associate?
Spinal Cord \> Pre-Ganglionic \> Autonomic Ganglion \> Post Ganglionic \> Target Tissue
50
How does the Sympathetic chain associate with the nerve pathway?
Through grey & white rami communicates to the Ventral Ramus
51
Describe the pathway of Sympathetic Innervation
* Grey Mater of the spinal cord (levels T1 -L2) * Leave Spinal cord via Anterior Ramus * Enter White Ramus * Travel to Sympathetic Trunk Possible routes from the Sympathetic Trunk; 1. Ascend and then Synapse 2. Synapse at the level entry 3. Descend and then Synapse 4. Pass through trunk w/o synapsing
52
53
What are the functions of the Vertebral Column? (4)
1. Protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves 2. Supports the weight of the body superior to the pelvis 3. Provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body and pivot point for the head 4. Role in posture and locomotion
54
1. Adults have how many vertebra? 2. What are the (5) regions? 3. How many vertebra are in each region?
1. 33 Vertebrae 2. (7) Cervical (12) Thoracic (5) Lumbar (5) Sacral (4) Coccygeal
55
What are the Primary Curvatures? When do they develop?
Primary Curvatures develop during the fetal period and include; Thoracic & Sacral Kyphosis
56
How can can you differentiate Cervical Vertebra
1. Transverse Foramina 2. Smaller Spinous processes, bifid from C2-C6 3. Triangular Vertabral Foramen
57
How can Thoracic Vertebra be differentiated?
1. Lacking Transverse Foramen 2. Transverse processes are long/strong 3. Costal Facets on Transverse processes and body 4. Spinous Processes are long, angled inferiorly, and overlap the inferior vertebra 5. Heart-Shaped Body
58
How are Lumbar Vertebra differentiated?
1. Lack of transverse foramina 2. Lack of Facets on Transverse process and body 3. Larger body size 4. Spinous process is short, broad, and blunt 5. Kidney-Shaped Body
59
What are Secondary curvatures? How do they arise?
Secondary curvatures develop separately during infancy; Cervical lordosis develops when infants begin raising their head Lumbar lordosis develops when infants begin walking
60
The Head of the Rib articulates where?
The head of the ribs articulate at the articular facets located on the body of Thoracic vertebra
61
This is an example of what type of vertebra?
Thoracic Vertebra
62
This is an example of what type of vertebra?
Lumbar Vertebra
63
This is an example of what type of vertebra?
Cervical Vertebra
64
The question mark refers to what region?
Pars Interarticularis
65
This refers to what articulation?
Atlanto-Occipital Articulation
66
Identify A, B, & C What is the significance of C?
A: Inferior Notch B: Superior Notch C: Intervertebral Foramen This is the location where spinal nerves exit the spinal cord
67
Identify A & B Where is there no IV disc present within the vertebral column?
A: Anulus Fibrosus B: Nucleus Pulposus There is no IV disc present between C1 & C2
68
This is an example of what condition?
Thoracic Kyphosis
69
This is an example of what condition?
Lumbar Lordosis
70
This is an example of what condition?
Scoliosis
71
Identify the Laminae
B
72
What is Clinical Kyphosis? Lordosis?
1. Clinical Kyphosis is EXCESSIVE Thoracic curvature 2. Clinical Lordosis is EXCESSIVE Lumbar curvature
73
What is Scoliosis?
Abnormal lateral curvature and rotation of the vertebral column
74

Gross Anatomy (23 decks)

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