TBL 8 Intro to Neuroscience Flashcards
The brain has four lobes:
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
The frontal lobe and the parietal lobe is divided by _______.
central sulcus
The occipital lobe and the parietal lobe is divided by ________.
Parieto-occipital sulcus
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata form the _________.
brain stem
The _______ is the uppermost part of the brain.
cerebrum
The neuron doctrine is a universally accepted concept that the nervous system is made up of (individual discrete/one big) cells.
individual cells (neurons)
The ________ of the brain receives sensory information and sends messages to move skeletal muscle (voluntary movement).
cerebral cortex
The _______ of the brain relays most sensory information from the spinal cord and certain parts of the brain to the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
The _______ of the brain is responsible for controlling various homeostatic functions.
hypothalamus
The ________ is a highly motile actin-based structure found at the growing end of a developing axon.
growth cone
The growth cone facilitates axon guidance by bundling and extending actin filaments into finger-like extensions known as _______.
filopodia
_____ cells are non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses.
Glial cells
_____ cells are involved in myelination of axons, providing structure and support for neurons and maintaining homeostasis.
Glial
__________ cells are progenitor cells which are responsible for producing all neurons in the cerebral cortex. They also produce certain lineages of glial cells.
Radial glial
The __________ fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord.
cerebrospinal fluid
The __________ fluid is involved in neurogenesis, maturation of the nervous system and waste clearance. It contains proteins, lipids, microRNAs and glucose.
cerebrospinal fluid
Neurons have a (low/high) metabolic rate and therefore require constant supply of blood and glucose. They are highly sensitive to oxygen and glucose deprivation.
high
The brain is supplied with blood via the ______ artery and the ______ artery.
vertebral artery and the internal carotid artery
____ is a brain imaging method that make use of blood oxygen level dependent contrast. (There will be higher blood flow to the region where neurons are more active.)
fMRI
______ imaging can be used to view individual neurons in the nervous system, relying on the fact that the intracellular levels of (ion) will rise when the action potential is fired.
Calcium
________ alter functional networks in the nervous system.
Neuromodulators
The peripheral nervous system consists of _____ nerves and _____ nerves.
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
_______ nervous system is for voluntary movements; whereas _______ nervous system is for involuntary movements.
Somatic - voluntary
Visceral/Autonomic - involuntary
The _________ of the white matter in the brain is involved in memory storage. (particularly learning new long-term memories)
hippocampus
The _______ of the brain is involved with emotions, particularly ____.
amygdala; fear
Each neuron consists of 3 regions.
Dendrites, axon and cell body (soma)
The ________ of the neuron surrounds the nucleus, and contains ER and GA responsible for the synthesis and processing of proteins.
cell body
_______ of the neuron receive information and contains receptors for neurotransmitters released from adjacent neurons.
Dendrites
The _____ of the neuron conducts information away from the soma and the dendrites via action potentials.
Axon
The motor cortex in the brain receives information from the _________.
basal ganglia
The initiation of voluntary movement and suppression of unwanted movement begins at the ________.
basal ganglia
The _______ of the brain is involved in the coordination of ongoing movement.
cerebellum
The cerebellum of the brain will transmit information to the _______.
brain stem centers
The Broca’s area of the brain is found to be important for (comprehension/speech). Therefore, Broca’s aphesia will cause the patient to have _________________.
important for speech
cause the patient to have normal comprehension, poor speech
The Wernicke’s area of the brain is found to be important for (comprehension/speech). Therefore, Wernicke’s aphesia will cause the patient to have _______________.
important for comprehension
cause the patient to have normal speech, poor comprehension
The __________ of the brain is known to be important for attention.
Parietal cortex
The hemispatial neglect syndrome is a neuropsychological condition where there is damage to the (right/left) ____________. This causes them to not be able to focus their attention on the left side of things.
right parietal cortex
Visual pathway:
______ –> Optic nerve –> Optic ______ –> _______ in the brain —> Cerebral cortex
Visual pathway:
Retina –> Optic nerve –> Optic chiasm –> Thalamus –> Cerebral cortex
There are 3 main types of glial cells.
- Astrocytes
- Ogliodendrocyte
- Microglial cell
_______ (type of glial cell) function to maintain an appropriate chemical environment.
Astrocytes
________ (type of glial cell) function to lay down myelin.
Ogliodendrocytes
________ (type of glial cell) remove cellular debris.
Microglial cell
During depolarisation, (ion) channels open to allow (ion) to (move in/out) of the cell, making the neuron more positively-charged.
Na+ channels open to allow Na+ ions to move into the cell, down the concentration gradient –> Depolarisation will occur (until the threshold is reached when an action potential will be induced)
Repolarisation of the neurons involve (ion) channels opening to allow (ion) to (move in/out) of the cell, making the neuron more negatively-charged.
K+ ion channels open to allow K+ ions to flow out of the cell down the concentration gradient –> repolarises the cell
(Passive/active) conduction decays over distance. This refers to the absence of action potentials being induced.
Passive conduction
i.e. depolarisation only without action potentials being triggered. Current might leak out of the membrane due to the K+ ion channels along the way. Therefore, depolarisation is the most pronounced at the site of injection.
(Passive/active) conduction, which involves the induction of action potentials, is constant over distance. This is because more voltage-gated sodium channels can be recruited along the way to continue the action potential for each cycle.
Active conduction
Local depolarisation will cause more sodium channels to open as they are __________.
voltage-gated
The _______ period of an axon refers to the period where the axon is incapable of propagating another action potential.
refractory
_____ is a lipid-rich structure that wraps around axons of neurons. This process is done by _____ cells.
Myelin; glial cells
_____ that is wrapped around the axons of neurons ensures that there are no ion channels in the region of it, preventing the ions to leak out at these regions. This allows for depolarisation to move from one region to another without being decayed over distance.
Myelin
The __________ is the region where no myelin is present around the axons of neurons. They are therefore highly rich in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential.
Node of ranvier
___________(process) increases the speed of action potentials. Action potentials can jump from one node of ranvier to the next and there is fast propagation; it does not have to be generated everywhere.
Myelination
____________ is a condition due to the loss of myelination. This compromises on the action potential conduction, and can lead to symptoms like monocular blindness, motor weakness/paralysis, abnormal somatic sensations, double vision and dizziness.
Multiple schlerosis
In the nervous system, a ________ is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
synapse
Electrical synapses contain ___ junctions that have many ion channels made up of ________. This allows small molecules to diffuse from one cell to another, facilitating diffusion.
gap junctions with many ion channels made up of connexon
A gap, known as the _________, exists between the membranes of the pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron in chemical synapses. Chemical synapses make use of chemicals known as ________, which is released from the pre-synaptic neuron to bind to the receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open.
synaptic cleft; neurotransmitters
The neurotransmitter is synthesised at the _________ of the pre-synaptic cell and then stored in vesicles.
endoplasmic reticulum
When an action potential propagates the pre-synaptic neuron, the depolarisation causes the voltage-gated ____ channels to open. This causes an (influx/efflux) of (ions), and this causes the neurotransmitter-containing vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. The transmitter is then released via _______.
When an action potential propagates the pre-synaptic neuron, the depolarisation causes the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open. This causes an INFLUX of Ca2+, and this causes the neurotransmitter-containing vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. The transmitter is then released via exocytosis.
After the neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, the removal of it is done either by _______ or _________.
glial cells uptake or enzymatic degradation
_______ is an example of a neurotransmitter that exhibits an excitatory effect. It binds to the receptor and opens ion channels to depolarise membrane potential.
Glutamate
____ is an example of a neurotransmitter that exhibits an inhibitory effect. It binds to the receptor and opens ___ ion channels which hyperpolarises the membrane potential. (more negative)
GABA; Cl- (Cl- ions will flow into the cell down the concentration gradient, making the cell more negatively-charged.)
The ____________ is a bony skeleton encasing the spinal cord and related structures. It functions to hold and protect the spinal cord and nerves, support body weight and allow for movement.
vertebral column
The vertebral column extends from the _______ to the _______.
from the cranium (bone that encloses brain and meninges) to cocyx (tailbone)
The vertebral column consists of 5 main regions each made up of component vertebra separated by an IV disc.
Cervical region (7 vertebrae), thoracic region (12 vertebrae), lumbar region (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5), coccyx (4)
When stacked together, the ___________ forms a hollow space through which the spinal cord and the nerves can pass through.
vertebral foramen
Primary curves are curves that we are born with and (convex/concave) posteriorly. These include the _______ and _______ curves.
Primary curves convex posteriorly. These include thoracic and sacral curves.
Secondary curves are curves that develop in response to learnt motor skills. They (concave/convex) anteriorly. These include the ________ and ________ curves.
Convex anteriorly (concave posteriorly) Cervical and lumbar curves
There are 7 cervical vertebrae, but __ cervical nerves. Therefore, nerve C1-C7 exit over corresponding vertebrae, whereas thereafter, the nerves exit below corresponding vertebra.
8
The spinal cord is (longer/shorter) than the vertebral column. It terminates at the region between __ and __ and forms a structure known as the conus medullaris at the terminal. The collection of spinal nerves in the lumbar and sacral region after the conus medullaris is known as ________ (horse’s tail).
shorter; terminates at the region between L1 and L2; cauda equina
