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HDM > TBL 3 > Flashcards

TBL 3 Flashcards

1
Q

examples of helical shaped viruses

advantage of shape

A

Examples: Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Rabies, Ebola

REMIM

Advantages: only one type of capsid protein is required  less free energy to assemble than a capsid composed of multiple proteins

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2
Q

examples of icosahedron-shaped viruses

advantage of shape

A

parvo B 19, Hepititis, Dengue, Norwalk, Polio virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus

far more common

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3
Q

naked virus examples

A

poliovirus

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4
Q

enveloped viruses

A

envelope comes from the host, examples are HIV HERPES

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5
Q

Gram – bacteria have ______ and are recognized by _____

A

Gram-negative bacteria can also induce pro-inflammatory cytokines by:
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) endotoxin is recognized by TLR4
LPS is a key mediator of sepsis and septic shock

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6
Q

gram + bacteria have ___ and are recognized by _____

A

Gram-positive bacteria can also induce pro-inflammatory cytokines via bacterial components such as:
Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid are both recognized by TLR2 and TLR6

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7
Q

Acid-fast bacteria:
The hydrophobic composition of _________ impairs recognition by immune receptor

A

mycolic acid, glycolipids, and lipoarabinomannans

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8
Q

Bacterial flagellin is recognized by ______

Peptidoglycan is recognized by ______

Unmethylated CpG nucleotides in bacterial DNA are recognized by _____

A

Bacterial flagellin is recognized by TLR5

Peptidoglycan is recognized by TLR2

Unmethylated CpG nucleotides in bacterial DNA are recognized by TLR9

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9
Q

simple viral replication steps

A
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10
Q

what virus have ssRNA and what does that mean?

A

Influenza and Ebola

because they have ssRNA they use RNA pol which makes a lot of errors and becomes advantage when invading the immune response

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11
Q

antigenic drift vs antigenic shift

A
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12
Q

Viral genetic material is recognized by the innate immune receptors:

Double-stranded RNAs make up the genomes of some viruses and are generated during the life cycle of most viruses recognized by _______

A

TRL3

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13
Q

Single-stranded viral RNAs recognized by ____, _____,______,_____

A

TRL7, TLR8, RIG-I, MDA-5.

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14
Q

Viral DNA with unmethylated CpG nucleotides recognized by ______.

Triggers antiviral state by inducing _____

what is inhibited by this molecule?

A

TLR9

Interferon 1

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15
Q

what are the main mechanisms we are able to get of virus-infected cells?

A

cytotoxic T cell toxicity is the main

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16
Q

crytococcus neoformans ( yeast) vs Aspergillus fumigatus (mold)

clinical significance

A
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17
Q

______ is the main cause of fungal infections?

what are the different areas that can be affected?

A
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18
Q

what are the PRR that recognize the fungal antigens? what are the PAMP that is recognized)

A

TLR-4 and TLR-2

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19
Q

describe the immune response of a yeast infection

A

dendritic cells present PAMP Olinked mannan or phospho-lipomannan lipoproteins on their MHC II receptor to the T cells

Th17 secrets IL 17 and activates neutrophils to kill infection

helper T2 activates B cells

Helper Th, activates macrophages through INF gamman and TNF alpha

20
Q

characteristics of fungi

A
21
Q

characteristics of protozoa

A
22
Q

Giardia duodenalis vs plasmodium falciparum

A
23
Q

nematodes vs tapeworms vs flukes

A
24
Q

Helminths and protozoa such as Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Cryptosporidium spp predominantly recognized using _______on dendritic cells

A

TLR-2 and TLR – 4

protozoa are recognized by TLR 11

25
Q

main players of immune response against the parasites

A

macrophages secrete NO, neutrophils secrete hydrogen peroxide and eosinophils release lots of enzymes

26
Q

Kuru vs CJD

A
27
Q

dysbiosis

A

imbalance of microbiota can lead to infection

ex, if taking antibiotics can kill lactobacillus in the vagina which will allow for opportunistic infection of candida albicans(yeast infection)

28
Q

exogenous infection comes from ____________ and examples are_______

A

influenza virus (flu)
neisseria gonorrhoeae( gonorrhea)
clostridium tetani (tetanus)
treponema pallidum (syphilis)

29
Q

endogenous infections comes from _____ and examples are_____

A

s. viridans found in the oral cavity all the way down to GI

30
Q

strict pathogens are _____and example is _____

A
31
Q

the majority of infections are ______

A
32
Q

How are pathogens able to disrupt the normal microbiota in the gut and become infectious? how does our own microbiome try to compensate?

bacteria that is part of our gut?

A

E. coli, Enterococcus spp.

bacteroides spp., clostridium spp.

Ecoli BEC spp

EE make need O2 so C. diff cant grow here

BC make buteric acid and salmonella doesnt like that

33
Q

what are the different virulence factors

A
34
Q

what are some examples of virulence factors?

A
35
Q

what are some virulance factors for used for invading the immune system??

evading (hiding):

what inflicts disease?

A
36
Q

what are biofilms and why are they a problem?

A

capsular polyssacharides can be made antigens for vaccines of streptococcus pneumonia and haemophilus influenzae

37
Q

what are the different parts of LPS (endotoxin) and where are they found?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are made up of a lipid domain (lipid A), a core oligosaccharide, and a distal polysaccharide (O-antigen). The lipid A is a hydrophobic anchor that is the main virulence factor of LPS.

38
Q

describe the two immune responses that can be produced by LPS (endotoxin)

A

antigen-specific is proper for host

the non-specific acts as mutagens elicit an oligoclonal expansion and is bad for host!!!

39
Q

what are superantigens ?

A

type of mutagen

results in oligoclonal activation of T cells

40
Q

what are the bacterial that can cause disease in the upper respiratory tract?

A

neisseria meningitides,
Clostidium diphtheriae,
bordetella pertussis

41
Q

what are the normal microbiota of the GI? (5)

A

99% are anaerobic genera such as:

Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and Clostridium

These genera proliferate and occupy most available niches
They help produce metabolic waste products such as acetic, butyric, and lactic acids
The strict anaerobic conditions, physical exclusion and bacterial waste products are factors that inhibit the growth of other bacteria in the large bowel

42
Q

what are the normal microbiota of the GU?

A
43
Q

STAGES OF INFECTIONS:

PUT THEM IN ORDER

DECLINE, PRODROMAL, ILLNESS, CONVALESCENCE, INCUBATION. what does each stage mean?

what is the communicability period? latency? carrier state?

A
44
Q

clinically important encapsulated bacteria?

gram positve and gram negative

A
45
Q
A

HDM (10 decks)

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