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Neuro 1 > TBI Intro & Pathophys: Focal Injury > Flashcards

TBI Intro & Pathophys: Focal Injury Flashcards

1
Q

what is a TBI and what can it be caused by

A
  • injury that disrupts the normal fxn of the brain
  • caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or penetrating head injury
  • explosives
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2
Q

what % of people are not working 1 year post TBI

A

40%

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3
Q

what % of people have difficulty with social integration post TBI

A

33%

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4
Q

mortality rate for severe tbi

A

30-50%

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5
Q

mortality rate for moderate tbi

A

10-15%

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6
Q

what two groups are at more risk for tbi and what are their ages

A
  • children: 0-3, 15-24

- older adults: over 75 had the highest numbers and rates of hospitalizations and deaths

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7
Q

are males or females more likely to be hospitalized and die from tbi

A
  • males
  • 2x more hospitalized
  • 3x more likely to die
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8
Q

additional groups at risk for TBI

A
  • racial/ethnic minorities: american indian/alaskan natives, black, hispanic populations
  • service members and veterans
  • homeless individuals
  • incarcerated individuals
  • domestive abuse survivors
  • rural area dwellers
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9
Q

what are the most common causes for TBI

A
  • falls
  • MVA, MCA (including bicycle & auto-pedestrian)
  • acts of violence
  • sports
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10
Q

cause of TBI for children

A
  • falls

- abuse

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11
Q

cause of TBI for adolescents & young adults

A
  • falls
  • assaults
  • MVA
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12
Q

cause of TBI for older adults

A
  • overwhelmingly fall related
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13
Q

mechanisms of TBI

A

physically acquired

  • open head injury
  • closed head injury
  • deceleration injuries
  • hemorrhage/hematoma
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14
Q

mechanisms of acquired brain injury

A
  • chemical/toxic exposure
  • hypoxia
  • tumor
  • infections
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15
Q

open injuries result from what

A

penetrating types of wounds

  • gunshots
  • knife
  • sharp objects
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16
Q

what happens to the skull with an open injury

A

fractures or displaced

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17
Q

what happens to the meninges with an open injury

A

they are compromised –> infxn, impaired CSF, further bleeding

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18
Q

what is a closed TBI

A

impact to the head but the skull is not fx

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19
Q

what is only damaged with a closed injury

A

only cortical neuronal tissue is damaged

20
Q

what happens to the meninges in the closed injury

A

they remain intact

21
Q

primary brain injury results from

A

mechanical issue at time of trauma

22
Q

focal injury

A

localized to area under site of impact or site opposite to site of impact

23
Q

what injuries are focal injuries

A
  • contusions
  • lacerations
  • hemorrhage and/or hematoma
  • coup-contracoup injury
24
Q

common sites for a focal injury

A
  • anterior-inferior temporal lobes (blow to back of head)

- prefrontal lobes

25
Q

diffuse injury

A

diffuse axonal injury (DIA)

26
Q

epidural hematomas (EDH) occur where

A

btw the dura mater and the skull

27
Q

when you have a epidural hematoma what happens with ur conscious level

A

with these injuries you become unconscious, wake back up abrupty then decline again

unconsciousness - alert - deteriorate

28
Q

what may be required for epidural hematomas

A

craniotomies and hematoma evacuation

29
Q

subdural hematoma (SDH)

A

rupture to the cortical bridging veins
develops btw the dura & arachnoid
blood leaks slowly over several hours or weeks

30
Q

where are subdural hematomas most seen

A

in elderly after falls with a blow to the head

31
Q

what are symptoms like with a subdural hematoma

A

similar to those of a CVA

32
Q

if you have a small clot with a subdural hematoma what is typically done? what about a large one?

A

small: reabsorbed by the body
large: surgically removed

33
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurs where

A

btw arachnoid and brain tissue

34
Q

which is the most life threatening hemorrhage

A

subarachnoid

35
Q

what does survival look like for a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

1/3 will survive with good recovery
1/3 will survive with some degree of disability
1/3 will not survive

36
Q

what is the common sequela for subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

vasospasm

37
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs where

A

within the brain tissue itself

38
Q

causes of ICH

A

significant head injury

39
Q

what is the presentation look like for an ICH

A

stroke like presentation

40
Q

common sequela for ICH

A

seizures

41
Q

what are the focal hematomas

A

epidural hematoma

subdural hematoma

42
Q

what are the focal hemorrhages

A

subarachnoid

intracerebral

43
Q

focal contusions

A

bruising on the surface of the brian is sustained at time of impact

small blood vessels on the surface of the brain hemorrhage

44
Q

coup lesion

A

contusion on the same side of the brain as the impact

45
Q

contrecoup lesion

A

surface hemorrhages on the opposite side of the brain trauma as a result of deceleration

46
Q

does contrecoup or coup injury cause more damage

A

contrecoup

47
Q

most common structures involved with a contrecoup injury

A

anterior poles

underside of temporal and frontal lobes

Neuro 1 (21 decks)

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