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Neuro 1 > TBI Intro & Pathophys: Focal Injury > Flashcards

TBI Intro & Pathophys: Focal Injury Flashcards

1
Q

what is a TBI and what can it be caused by

A
  • injury that disrupts the normal fxn of the brain
  • caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or penetrating head injury
  • explosives
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2
Q

what % of people are not working 1 year post TBI

A

40%

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3
Q

what % of people have difficulty with social integration post TBI

A

33%

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4
Q

mortality rate for severe tbi

A

30-50%

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5
Q

mortality rate for moderate tbi

A

10-15%

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6
Q

what two groups are at more risk for tbi and what are their ages

A
  • children: 0-3, 15-24

- older adults: over 75 had the highest numbers and rates of hospitalizations and deaths

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7
Q

are males or females more likely to be hospitalized and die from tbi

A
  • males
  • 2x more hospitalized
  • 3x more likely to die
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8
Q

additional groups at risk for TBI

A
  • racial/ethnic minorities: american indian/alaskan natives, black, hispanic populations
  • service members and veterans
  • homeless individuals
  • incarcerated individuals
  • domestive abuse survivors
  • rural area dwellers
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9
Q

what are the most common causes for TBI

A
  • falls
  • MVA, MCA (including bicycle & auto-pedestrian)
  • acts of violence
  • sports
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10
Q

cause of TBI for children

A
  • falls

- abuse

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11
Q

cause of TBI for adolescents & young adults

A
  • falls
  • assaults
  • MVA
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12
Q

cause of TBI for older adults

A
  • overwhelmingly fall related
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13
Q

mechanisms of TBI

A

physically acquired

  • open head injury
  • closed head injury
  • deceleration injuries
  • hemorrhage/hematoma
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14
Q

mechanisms of acquired brain injury

A
  • chemical/toxic exposure
  • hypoxia
  • tumor
  • infections
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15
Q

open injuries result from what

A

penetrating types of wounds

  • gunshots
  • knife
  • sharp objects
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16
Q

what happens to the skull with an open injury

A

fractures or displaced

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17
Q

what happens to the meninges with an open injury

A

they are compromised –> infxn, impaired CSF, further bleeding

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18
Q

what is a closed TBI

A

impact to the head but the skull is not fx

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19
Q

what is only damaged with a closed injury

A

only cortical neuronal tissue is damaged

20
Q

what happens to the meninges in the closed injury

A

they remain intact

21
Q

primary brain injury results from

A

mechanical issue at time of trauma

22
Q

focal injury

A

localized to area under site of impact or site opposite to site of impact

23
Q

what injuries are focal injuries

A
  • contusions
  • lacerations
  • hemorrhage and/or hematoma
  • coup-contracoup injury
24
Q

common sites for a focal injury

A
  • anterior-inferior temporal lobes (blow to back of head)

- prefrontal lobes

25
diffuse injury
diffuse axonal injury (DIA)
26
epidural hematomas (EDH) occur where
btw the dura mater and the skull
27
when you have a epidural hematoma what happens with ur conscious level
with these injuries you become unconscious, wake back up abrupty then decline again unconsciousness - alert - deteriorate
28
what may be required for epidural hematomas
craniotomies and hematoma evacuation
29
subdural hematoma (SDH)
rupture to the cortical bridging veins develops btw the dura & arachnoid blood leaks slowly over several hours or weeks
30
where are subdural hematomas most seen
in elderly after falls with a blow to the head
31
what are symptoms like with a subdural hematoma
similar to those of a CVA
32
if you have a small clot with a subdural hematoma what is typically done? what about a large one?
small: reabsorbed by the body large: surgically removed
33
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurs where
btw arachnoid and brain tissue
34
which is the most life threatening hemorrhage
subarachnoid
35
what does survival look like for a subarachnoid hemorrhage
1/3 will survive with good recovery 1/3 will survive with some degree of disability 1/3 will not survive
36
what is the common sequela for subarachnoid hemorrhage
vasospasm
37
intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs where
within the brain tissue itself
38
causes of ICH
significant head injury
39
what is the presentation look like for an ICH
stroke like presentation
40
common sequela for ICH
seizures
41
what are the focal hematomas
epidural hematoma | subdural hematoma
42
what are the focal hemorrhages
subarachnoid | intracerebral
43
focal contusions
bruising on the surface of the brian is sustained at time of impact small blood vessels on the surface of the brain hemorrhage
44
coup lesion
contusion on the same side of the brain as the impact
45
contrecoup lesion
surface hemorrhages on the opposite side of the brain trauma as a result of deceleration
46
does contrecoup or coup injury cause more damage
contrecoup
47
most common structures involved with a contrecoup injury
anterior poles | underside of temporal and frontal lobes

Neuro 1 (21 decks)

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