TBI and Vascular conditions

Question 1

What is the most common stroke

Answer 1

ischemic 87%

Question 2

the dominant precursor of stroke

The incidence of _____ rises as the
systolic or diastolic pressure rises

Answer 2

hypertension

infarction

Question 3

Thrombosis

Answer 3

refers to obstructed blood flow due to a localized occlusion within one or
more vessels

Question 3

Decreased blood flow to brain tissue can be caused by low system perfusion pressure

Answer 3

Systemic hypofunction

Question 4

material formed elsewhere within the vascular system lodges in a vessel and blocks
the blood flow. The material arises proximally, mostly from the heart (such as from heart valves),
from major arteries such as the aorta, and from system veins

Answer 4

embolism

Question 5

in general, left cerebral hemisphere strokes lead to

Answer 5

right
hemiparesis often with the arm, hand, and face more involved than the leg, right
hemisensory loss, aphasia, possible visual effect

Question 6

Right cerebral hemisphere strokes
causes

Answer 6

left hemiparesis, often with the arm, face, and hand more involved than the leg, left
hemisensory loss, poor drawing and copying, and neglect of the left visual field

Question 7

These
cerebral hemispheric lesions are most often caused by

Answer 7

carotid artery occlusion or
embolism to the middle cerebral artery or its branches.

Question 8

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is predominantly caused by bleeding from an aneurysm located

Answer 8

circle of Willis

Question 8

Hemorrhagic Strokes

Answer 8

bleeding inside the skull can be divided into subarachnoid, intercerebral, epidural, and
subdural hemorrhages

Question 9

The most common brainstem lesions combine

Answer 9

a lesion of one or more
ascending or descending tracts with a lesion of one or more cranial nerves.

Question 10

A lesion to a
descending or ascending tract (corticospinal, medial lemniscus, spinothalamic) results in
deficits that are

Answer 10

contralateral and below the level of the lesion

Question 11

Transient ischemic attacks are, by definition, just that – episodes lasting

Answer 11

no longer 24 hours
with resolution of the neurological signs (usually within 20 – 30 minutes)

Question 12

The progression of deficit over time is called a _______and requires immediate
attention.

Answer 12

stroke-in-evolution

Question 13

A lesion of the oculomotor or trochlear nerve

Answer 13

lesion of the midbrain

Question 14

A lesion of the trigeminal nerve

Answer 14

lesion of the rostral pons.

Question 15

A lesion of the abducens, facial, or vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 15

lesion of the caudal
pons

Question 16

A lesion of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, or hypoglossal

Answer 16

lesion of the medulla

Question 17

The most common brainstem lesions combine a lesion of one or more
ascending or descending tracts with a lesion of one or more

Answer 17

cranial nerves

Question 18

The only ipsilateral long tract sign seen
in a brainstem lesion is caused by a lesion of the descending

Answer 18

hypothalamic fibers and
results in an ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome

Question 19

Most common cause of TBI in children, teenagers, older adults

Answer 19

C: Falls
T: MVA
OA: Falls

Question 20

MOI that lead to TBI

Answer 20

hitting head, blunt force trauma, whiplash, falls

Question 21

Epidural hematoma

Answer 21

-an accumulation of blood between the
skull and the dura mater
-severe head injury with a temporal
bone fracture and resulting laceration of the middle meningeal artery

Question 22

Subdual hematoma

Answer 22

-This is an accumulation of blood under the dura
and results from tearing of bridging veins which connect the surface of the brain to the
dural sinuses. Subdural hematoma may have both acute and chronic presentations
-can be life threatening

Question 22

Cerebral contusion

Answer 22

-a localized area of brain swelling
-can lead to death
-the effects of such contusions are based on location
and size

Question 23

Quick temporal assessment of severity of TBI

Answer 23

Glasgow Coma Scale

Question 24

Mild moderate and sever TBI

Answer 24

Mild 13-15: Mental status change or loss of consciousness less than 30 minutes
Moderate 9-12: Mental status change or loss of consciousness between 30 minutes and 6
Severe <9 : Mental status change or loss of consciousness greater than 6 hours

Question 25

Classes of concussion (3 Grades)

Answer 25

Grade 1: No loss of consciousness, all symptoms resolve
within 15 minutes
Grade 2: No loss of consciousness, symptoms last longer
than 15 minutes
Grade 3: Loss of consciousness for any period of time

Question 25

Signs of concussion

Answer 25

concussion is best thought of as a mild traumatic brain injury
transient interruption of ARAS

Question 26

Post concussion syndrome

Answer 26

will continue to experience headache and dizziness
for up to a month after a concussion

irritability,
depression, insomnia, and subjective intellectual dysfunction, fatigue, anxiety, and
excessive noise sensitivity have also been reported

Question 27

Epidural and subdural hemorrhages are almost always

Answer 27

_______