TBI

Question 1

If there is unconsciousness, particularly following trauma, there is probably…

Answer 1

brain damage

Question 2

Who has the highest risk for brain injury?

Answer 2

Adolescents and those over 75

Question 3

Age range in which majority of TBIs occur

Answer 3

15-24 years

Question 4

2 types of focal injury in TBI

Answer 4

Coup

Contre-coup

Question 5

2 causes of diffuse injury in TBI

Answer 5

Increased intracranial pressure

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)

Question 6

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) (general)

Answer 6

Shear forces caused by twisting of the brain inside the skull

Question 7

DAI cause in layman’s terms

Answer 7

Caused by “nicking” of non-elastic cell membrane (epineurium)

Question 8

What does DAI do mechanically to the nervous system?

Answer 8

Torsion on white matter causing stretching and tearing of axons

Question 9

Results of DAI

Answer 9

Memory loss
Concentration loss
Sleep disturbance
Seizures

Question 10

Sites of DAI

Answer 10

Subcortical white matter
Corpus callosum
Internal capsule
Cerebellar peduncles
Brainstem
Basal ganglia

Question 11

In reference to sites of DAI, the lower you move down the neuroaxis…

Answer 11

the more the mortality of the patient is impacted

Question 12

Cause of epidural hematoma

Answer 12

Usually result of a serious head injury

Question 13

The deadliest of all head injuries

Answer 13

Epidural hematoma

Question 14

Describe epidural hematoma

Answer 14

Arterial bleeding fills the cranial cavity very quickly, compressing brain tissue (high pressure bleed)

Question 15

Epidural hematoma often results in…

Answer 15

brain injury and may lead to death (medical emergency)

Question 16

Describe subdural hematoma

Answer 16

Occurs following rupture of vessel–usually a vein–between brain and dura (low pressure bleed)

Question 17

3 types of subdural hematoma

Answer 17

Acute
Subacute
Chronic

Question 18

Acute subdural hematoma onset of S&S

Answer 18

Usually appear immediately

Question 19

Subacute subdural hematoma onset of S&S

Answer 19

Takes days to weeks to appear

Question 20

Chronic subdural hematoma onset of S&S

Answer 20

Can take weeks to appear

Question 21

What types of subdural hematoma is the most dangerous?

Answer 21

Acute

Question 22

Subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage is a result of…

Answer 22

blood pooling inside the brain

Question 23

Usually accompanies subarachnoid hemorrhage if caused by trauma

Answer 23

DAI

Question 24

Non-traumatic causes of subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Answer 24

AVM
Chronic HTN
Brain tumors
Blood thinners

Question 25

Cause of herniation

Answer 25

Mass lesion due to extreme increases in ICP (>25 mmHg)

Question 26

The result of herniation

Answer 26

Compression
Ischemia
Duret hemorrhages

Question 27

Subfalcal herniation affects…

Answer 27

frontal lobe

Question 28

Synonym for uncal herniation

Answer 28

Transtentorial herniation

Question 29

Subfalcal herniation

Answer 29

Herniation of the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri toward the opposite hemisphere

Question 30

Uncal herniation

Answer 30

Herniation of part of the medial temporal lobe through the tentorial notch pressing the midbrain against the tentorium

Question 31

Posturing caused by uncal herniation

Answer 31

Decorticate posturing

Question 32

Tonsilar herniation

Answer 32

One tonsil of the cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum, compressing the medulla against the margin of the foramen

Question 33

Posturing caused by tonsilar herniation

Answer 33

Decerebrate posturing

Question 34

Mechanism of decorticate posturing

Answer 34

Lesion at the level of the midbrain separating the forebrain from the brainstem

Question 35

Mechanism of decerebrate posturing

Answer 35

Lesion at the level of the lower brain stem separating the brain from the spinal cord