TBI -1 Flashcards
what is a TBI
injury to brain
not degenerative or congenital in nature
what is a TBI caused by
external dynamic force
what does a TBI produce
altered or diminished state of consciousness
results of a TBI
impairment of cognitive, behavioral and physical fxning
how can the brain be divided
into 3 sections
3 sections of the brain
brainstem
cerebellum
cerebrum
brainstem
connects to the SC
what does the brainstem control
consciousness
arousal
vital fxns
what does the cerebrum control
muscle coordination and balance
via feedback loop system
what is the largest section of the brain
cerebrum cortex
where do most of the thinking fxns occur
cerebrum cortex
how many lobes does the brain have
4
4 lobes of the brain
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
what does the frontal lobe control
emotions and attention
what is the frontal lobe
decision making center and action planning
primary motor cortex
“filter”
what does the frontal lobe execute
time management
goal directed activities
cognitive flexibility
home –> frontal lobe
of the personality of an individual
frontal lobe lesions
flat affect and indifference
lack of insight
distractibility
impulsiveness
slow non-fluent speech
decreased initiation
paresis/plegia
what is the parietal lobe
primary sensory area
what does the parietal lobe do
receives and processes info
info that the parietal lobe receives
touch
pain
temp
parietal lobe lesions
visual and spatial deficits
difficulty recognizing objects
difficulty reading maps or understanding diagrams or graphs
what is the temporal lobe
primary auditory area
what does the temporal lobe control
comprehension of speech
writing
memory
lesions of the temporal lobe
aphasia
poor memory
what is the occipital lobe
primary visual area
what does the occipital lobe do
interprets and receives visual info
lesions of the occipital lobe
visual field cut
unilateral neglect
difficulty recognizing faces and objects
what does the left side of the brain control
right side of the body
what does the left side of the brain understand
use of language
what does the left side of the brain include
memory for spoken and written messages
detail analysis of info
what does the right side of the brain control
left side of the body
what does the right side of the brain include
spatial awareness
knowing body position
understand/remember things we do or see
organize bits of info to make up entire picture
2 categories of TBI
closed head injury
open head injury
closed head injury
a blow to the head caused by MVA, fall or violence
what does a closed head injury result in
diffuse injury
open head injury
sharp object enters the brain
what causes an open head injury
gunshot wound or industrial accident
what does an open head injury result in
more focal injury
what is there with an open head injury
increase risk of infection
four modes on injury
diffuse axonal injury
blunt blow
penetrating injuries
anoxia/hypoxia
what is a diffuse axonal injury caused by
acceleration
deceleration
rotational forces
what happens w/ a diffuse axonal injury
forces act on the brain at the same time of injury or impact resulting in damage
what causes a diffuse axonal injury
tissue compression
tearing
shearing
combo
what does a blunt blow injury result in
contra-coup effect
coup =
injury at site
contra-coup
injuries distant from the site of impact
blunt blow injury –>
brain bounces w/in the skull
what is a penetrating injury caused by
gunshot wound or industrial accidents
penetrating injuries have
increased risk of infections
penetrating injuries result in
focal injury
what is a hypoxia/anoxia injury
decreased blood flow to the brain
what does hypoxia/anoxia injury result in
lack of O2
causing tissue damage
what does a hypoxia/anoxia injury cause
bleeding w/in brain hemorrhage
bleeding from other body parts
respiratory or cardiac failure
bleeding w/in brain hemorrhage –>hypoxia/anoxia injury
need Sx to repair
hypoxia/anoxia injury is a
diffuse injury
hypoxia/anoxia injury has a
low prognosis
secondary injuries of TBI
hematoma
edema
hematoma
blood clot may form in brain causing increased pressure and need to sx to repair
types of hematoma
epidural hematoma
subdural hematoma
epidural hematoma
b/w skill and dural mater
subdural hematoma
b/w dura mater and arachnoid mater
edema
swelling w/in the brain
what does edema result in
increased ICP
how do we relieve edema
implant a shunt to relieve pressure
what could occur w/ edema
CSF leak through sinuses
ears and nose
secondary injury to edema
lack of oxygen
what do we do w/ someone w/ edema
closely monitor for 24-48 hrs post accident
non-traumatic brain injury
change or problem w/in the brain itself
what can a non-traumatic brain injury be caused by
infections (virus)
metabolic disorder (drug or chemical overdose)
failure of body organ
what else could a non-traumatic brain injury be caused by
brain tumor
