Taxonomy of Bacteria

Question 1

What made the first biochemical compounds

Answer 1

Abiotic systems

Question 2

Name the two origin of life hypothesis

Answer 2

Surface origin
the first membrane enclosed self replicating cells arose from premordial soup rich in organic and inorganic compounds.

Subsurface origin
Life originated in hydrothermal springs on the ocean floor

Question 3

Support the Subsurface hypothesis

Answer 3

conditions on the ocean floor would have been more stable and there is a steady supply of energy H2 and H2S

Question 4

Give an opposition for the surface origin hypothesis

Answer 4

Temperature f; actuations in the day and night and mixing from over elements like dust clouds, UV radiation and storms

Question 5

what is horizontal gene transfer

Answer 5

Exchange of genetic material between cells

Question 6

the sequence of origin

Answer 6

Building blocks , Catalytic and self replicating RNA, Protein synthesis ( Protein templated translation), DNA , Lipid bilayer, divergence of Bacteria and archea.

Question 7

why is it believed that the fist self replicating systems may have been RNA based.

Answer 7

RNA can bind to small molecules
RNA has catalytic activity and it may have catalyzed its own synthesis.
RNA can be copied like DNA.

Question 8

Which is more stable, DNA Or RNA

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

The universal 3 part system

Answer 9

DNA,RNA and protein

Question 10

What does LUCA stand for and what does it mean.

Answer 10

last universal common ancestor: Group of cells from which cellular life may have emerged

Question 11

carbon source:
energy source:
how was the energy source generated

Answer 11

CO2
H2
reacting h2s with FeS

Question 12

how did the present of abundant organic compounds affect the events nature

Answer 12

Provided an abundant, diverse and continually renewed source of organic carbon.

Question 13

Meaning of the word phonetic

Answer 13

Overall similarity.

Question 14

The principles of phenetic classification

Answer 14

All characteristics are equal
classification should be based on as many characteristics are possible
Organisms should be grouped on the basis of overall similarity

Question 15

what does the similarity coefficient or Jaccard coefficient stand for

Answer 15

quantification of the similarity between pairs of microorganisms

Question 16

types of mutations that could occur

Answer 16

Nucleotide change
insertion
Deletion

Question 17

Consequences of mutations

Answer 17

silent
deleterious
beneficial

Question 18

What is comparative rRNA sequencing

Answer 18

a procedure that involves;
amplification of the gene encoding SSU rRNA
sequencing the ammplified gene
Analysis of the sequence in. reference to other sequences

Question 19

what is rRNA sequencing used for.

Answer 19

infering the phylogeny of prokaryotes and other microorganisms

Question 20

What determines the evolutionary relationship of two ogansins

Answer 20

The number of mutations that accumulate in the over time

Question 21

what is a phylogenetic tree

Answer 21

Graphic illustration of the relationship among sequences

Question 22

what does the branch length represent

Answer 22

the number of changes that have occurred along the branch

Question 23

What do nodes in phylogenetic trees represent

Answer 23

Putative common ancestor

Question 24

what does the theory of endosymbiosis imply and support

Answer 24

it implies that mitochondria and chloroplast arose from a symbiotic association of prokaryotes within another type of cell

Question 25

State the existing hypotheses that explain the formation of eukaryotes

Answer 25

began as a nucleus bearing lineage that later acquired mitochondria

Eukaryotic cells arose from an intracellular association between H2 bacterium and H2 consuming arc heal host

Question 26

What is the sporophore in filamentous actinobacteria

Answer 26

An elevated structure at whose tip dissociation resistant sores are produced

Question 27

what are predator bacteria

Answer 27

these are bacteria that infect other bacteria

Question 28

How do they acquire the nutrients

Answer 28

they acquire them from hosts

Gram positive bacteria are not affected

Question 29

where are stalked bacteria found

Answer 29

aquatic environments

Question 30

what is unique about the cell cycle of stalked bacteria

Answer 30

cell differentiation making the sedentary stalked mother cell and motile flagellated daughter cell

Question 31

what is the polyphasic approach to taxonomy

Answer 31

using methods like
phylogenetic analysis
phenotypic analysis
Genotypic analysis

Question 32

what does MLST stand for

Answer 32

multilocus sequence typing

Question 33

What does MLST entail

Answer 33

method by which several housekeeping genes are sequenced and aligned to the respective sequences of there individuals same species

Question 34

how are organisms classified

Answer 34

by comparing with other organisms that are similar and have already been classified and named

Question 35

what is serotyping

Answer 35

identification based binding of antibodies to surface structures

Question 36

Antibodies are

Answer 36

particles of the immune system that recognize and bind to surfaces of microorganisms ad secreted protein

The positive reaction results in agglutination