Microbiology of animals

Question 1

what are commensals?

Answer 1

microorganisms routinely found in the bodies of most healthy human

Question 2

name 3 parts of the human body that are normally sterile

Answer 2

Lungs
internal tissues
Urinary tracts

Question 3

why are animal bodies an ideal environment for the growth of micro-organisms

Answer 3

they ae warm, wet and potentially a good source of nutrients

Question 4

factors that affect the richness and abundance of microorganisms

Answer 4

temperature, pH, nutrient supply and the immune system

Question 5

how are commensal beneficial to the host

Answer 5

provide vitamins and metabolic pathways
provide protection again new icrooganisms: since they are already holding the territory
teach the immune system

Question 6

name all the harmful relationships with microorganisms

Answer 6

Pathogens
infection
disease
pathogenicity
virulence
opportunistic pathogen: causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance

Question 7

in what part of animal is the most of microorganisms found

Answer 7

GI tract

Question 8

name the insoluble polysaccharides that herbivores consume

Answer 8

Cellulose
lignin
hemicellulose
pectin

Question 9

enzyme responsible for digesting cellulose

Answer 9

cellulase. Not produced by animals

Microorganisms in the GI tract of herbivores produce it.

Question 10

2 functions of microorganisms in the GI tract

Answer 10

digest cellulose

provide nutrients

Question 11

2 digestive strategies in herbivores

Answer 11

Foregut fermentation

HIndgut fermentation

Question 12

processes in ruminant s

Answer 12

food is chewed minimally and then passes on to rumen her foregut fermentation occurs

Question 13

conditions in the rumen

Answer 13

39-40 celsius

pH. 5-7

Question 14

what controls the pH of the rumen.

Answer 14

Saliva that contains basic chemicals. Like sodium bicarbonate
sodium phosphate

Question 15

what mediates fermentation in the rumen

Answer 15

cellulolytic microbes that hydrolyze cellulose to free glucose and cellobiose

Question 16

what then happens to the sugars after fermentation

Answer 16

fermented to produce volatile fatty acids, methane andCO2

Question 17

How dies the animal use fatty acids

Answer 17

they pass through the rumen wall into the bloodstream and are used as an energy source

Question 18

identify the microorganisms of the rumen

Answer 18

ciliated protozoa,

bacteria, arched.

Question 19

characteristics of methanogens

Answer 19

Strict anaerobes
The oxidise hydrogen gas
ferment acetate

Question 20

10% of energy in cows is lost as CH4, when?

Answer 20

methanogens take up the acetate

Question 21

what is added to cow feed to inhibit methanogenesis

Answer 21

Monesim

Question 22

what is regurgitation

Answer 22

when a small portion of the rumen content goes back into the most and is chewed again

Question 23

what happens to smaller particles after regurgitation

Answer 23

collected by the reticulum and move to the omasum

Question 24

what happens in the omasum

Answer 24

excess water us collected

Question 25

what happens to the content of the omasum

Answer 25

collected in to the abomasum and from there to the intestines

Question 26

do none ruminant herbivores have a foregut

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Where does fermentation occur in non ruminants

Answer 27

in the caecum

Question 28

what happens to cellulose and other insoluble polysaccharides in non ruminats

Answer 28

they are expelled since they can not be digested

Question 29

define coprophagy

Answer 29

when animals eat there fecal matter to get back back

Question 30

what bacteria does Hawaiian bobtail squid have a symbiotic relationship with

Answer 30

Aliivibrio fischeri

Question 31

what polysaccharides do termites decompose

Answer 31

Cellulose | hemicellulose

Question 32

what microorganism do termites have

Answer 32

anaerobic bacteria and cellulosic protists

Question 33

what are the first micro-organism that humans are exposed to in breast milk

Answer 33

actinobacteria firmictues bacteroidetes proteobacteria

Question 34

when in he life cycle of a human is the microbiome content of their bodies most stable

Answer 34

emerging adulthood

Question 35

what composes the out and inner layer of the skin

Answer 35

outer: dead cells inner: living actively replicating

Question 36

what is secreted by sebaceous glands and apocrine glands

Answer 36

salts water and protein lipids and ( antimicrobial)sugars

Question 37

what is the purpose of the dead outter layer

Answer 37

forms barrier that prevents micro-organism fro penetrationg the tissues

Question 38

conditions on the skin

Answer 38

harsh, acidic. not good for microorganisms to grow

Question 39

what kind of bacteria colonises ducts where secretions are carried in the skin

Answer 39

gram positive bacteria that is adapted to these conditions

Question 40

how do the existing microbiome killing in coming bacteria

Answer 40

by secreting bacteriocin

Question 41

what anaerobes may the skin harbour

Answer 41

propiobacterium acnes

Question 42

what are the 3 normal microbiomes of the skin

Answer 42

yeasts, olds and bacteria

Question 43

what kinds of bacteria are found in the oral cavities

Answer 43

aerobic and anaerobic

Question 44

how do bacteria colonies tooth surfaces

Answer 44

by attaching to acidic glycoproteins deposited by saliva

Question 45

what is dental plaque

Answer 45

thick layer of streptococci

Question 46

sucrose + streptococcus mutans

Answer 46

synthesis of extracellular polysaccharide

Question 47

what influences the different microbiome in different areas of the human GI tract

Answer 47

nutrition and ph | basically physical conditions

Question 48

what prevents the existence of some microorganisms in the GI tract

Answer 48

the acidity of the duodenum and the story,ach

Question 49

what kind of organisms are there in the human colon

Answer 49

anaerobes and facultative aerobes

Question 50

what do intestinal microorganism of the large intestine do

Answer 50

ferment VFA and producerse CO2 and H2.Methanogens convert CO2 and H2 CH4