Microbiology of animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what are commensals?

A

microorganisms routinely found in the bodies of most healthy human

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2
Q

name 3 parts of the human body that are normally sterile

A

Lungs
internal tissues
Urinary tracts

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3
Q

why are animal bodies an ideal environment for the growth of micro-organisms

A

they ae warm, wet and potentially a good source of nutrients

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4
Q

factors that affect the richness and abundance of microorganisms

A

temperature, pH, nutrient supply and the immune system

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5
Q

how are commensal beneficial to the host

A

provide vitamins and metabolic pathways
provide protection again new icrooganisms: since they are already holding the territory
teach the immune system

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6
Q

name all the harmful relationships with microorganisms

A
Pathogens
infection
disease
pathogenicity
virulence
opportunistic pathogen: causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance
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7
Q

in what part of animal is the most of microorganisms found

A

GI tract

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8
Q

name the insoluble polysaccharides that herbivores consume

A

Cellulose
lignin
hemicellulose
pectin

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9
Q

enzyme responsible for digesting cellulose

A

cellulase. Not produced by animals

Microorganisms in the GI tract of herbivores produce it.

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10
Q

2 functions of microorganisms in the GI tract

A

digest cellulose

provide nutrients

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11
Q

2 digestive strategies in herbivores

A

Foregut fermentation

HIndgut fermentation

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12
Q

processes in ruminant s

A

food is chewed minimally and then passes on to rumen her foregut fermentation occurs

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13
Q

conditions in the rumen

A

39-40 celsius

pH. 5-7

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14
Q

what controls the pH of the rumen.

A

Saliva that contains basic chemicals. Like sodium bicarbonate
sodium phosphate

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15
Q

what mediates fermentation in the rumen

A

cellulolytic microbes that hydrolyze cellulose to free glucose and cellobiose

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16
Q

what then happens to the sugars after fermentation

A

fermented to produce volatile fatty acids, methane andCO2

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17
Q

How dies the animal use fatty acids

A

they pass through the rumen wall into the bloodstream and are used as an energy source

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18
Q

identify the microorganisms of the rumen

A

ciliated protozoa,

bacteria, arched.

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19
Q

characteristics of methanogens

A

Strict anaerobes
The oxidise hydrogen gas
ferment acetate

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20
Q

10% of energy in cows is lost as CH4, when?

A

methanogens take up the acetate

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21
Q

what is added to cow feed to inhibit methanogenesis

A

Monesim

22
Q

what is regurgitation

A

when a small portion of the rumen content goes back into the most and is chewed again

23
Q

what happens to smaller particles after regurgitation

A

collected by the reticulum and move to the omasum

24
Q

what happens in the omasum

A

excess water us collected

25
Q

what happens to the content of the omasum

A

collected in to the abomasum and from there to the intestines

26
Q

do none ruminant herbivores have a foregut

A

No

27
Q

Where does fermentation occur in non ruminants

A

in the caecum

28
Q

what happens to cellulose and other insoluble polysaccharides in non ruminats

A

they are expelled since they can not be digested

29
Q

define coprophagy

A

when animals eat there fecal matter to get back back

30
Q

what bacteria does Hawaiian bobtail squid have a symbiotic relationship with

A

Aliivibrio fischeri

31
Q

what polysaccharides do termites decompose

A

Cellulose

hemicellulose

32
Q

what microorganism do termites have

A

anaerobic bacteria and cellulosic protists

33
Q

what are the first micro-organism that humans are exposed to in breast milk

A

actinobacteria
firmictues
bacteroidetes
proteobacteria

34
Q

when in he life cycle of a human is the microbiome content of their bodies most stable

A

emerging adulthood

35
Q

what composes the out and inner layer of the skin

A

outer: dead cells
inner: living actively replicating

36
Q

what is secreted by sebaceous glands and apocrine glands

A

salts
water and
protein lipids and ( antimicrobial)sugars

37
Q

what is the purpose of the dead outter layer

A

forms barrier that prevents micro-organism fro penetrationg the tissues

38
Q

conditions on the skin

A

harsh, acidic. not good for microorganisms to grow

39
Q

what kind of bacteria colonises ducts where secretions are carried in the skin

A

gram positive bacteria that is adapted to these conditions

40
Q

how do the existing microbiome killing in coming bacteria

A

by secreting bacteriocin

41
Q

what anaerobes may the skin harbour

A

propiobacterium acnes

42
Q

what are the 3 normal microbiomes of the skin

A

yeasts, olds and bacteria

43
Q

what kinds of bacteria are found in the oral cavities

A

aerobic and anaerobic

44
Q

how do bacteria colonies tooth surfaces

A

by attaching to acidic glycoproteins deposited by saliva

45
Q

what is dental plaque

A

thick layer of streptococci

46
Q

sucrose + streptococcus mutans

A

synthesis of extracellular polysaccharide

47
Q

what influences the different microbiome in different areas of the human GI tract

A

nutrition and ph

basically physical conditions

48
Q

what prevents the existence of some microorganisms in the GI tract

A

the acidity of the duodenum and the story,ach

49
Q

what kind of organisms are there in the human colon

A

anaerobes and facultative aerobes

50
Q

what do intestinal microorganism of the large intestine do

A

ferment VFA and producerse CO2 and H2.Methanogens convert CO2 and H2 CH4