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Microbiology > Pathogens > Flashcards

Pathogens Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogens

A

microorganisms capable of causing disease

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2
Q

do all species have the same virulence properties?

A

No and not all strains of a species have disease cause ability

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3
Q

how is a pathogen I identified

A

set of virulent genes it carries

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4
Q

what is virulence

A

the measure of the ability to cause harm depending on virulence factors

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5
Q

what factors determine virulence

A

Invasiveness: the ability of the microorganism to be established in the host
Toxigenicity: the capacity of an organisms to produce substances known as toxins that damage specific tissues in the host

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6
Q

what do pathogens use to invade host tissues

A 
virulence factors :
Adhesins: 
capsules 
enzymes that destroy host tissues 
invassins 
type 3 secretion systems (T3SS) and type 4 secretion system (T4SS)
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7
Q

Adhesins

A

promote specific attachment to host.

able to attach to one kind or a few kinds and able to determine site of colonization

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8
Q

what do afimbrial adhesins do and give examples of them

A

Glyco/lipo proteins.

mediate close attachment

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9
Q

caspsules

A

they prevent the pathogen from being destroyed baby host immune cells
mediates attachment to host cells and other bacteria
streptococcus pneumonias
can also be found in non pathogenic organisms as well

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10
Q

how invasion works

A

some pathogens use a breach in the skin, wound.

penetration of the mucosa : destruction of the single-cell layer or invasion of cells.

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11
Q

release of extracellular enzymes as a virulence factor

A

Hyaluronidase: degrades hyaluronic acid, a sticky that holds host cells together.
Collagenase: degrades the protein collagen present in connective tissues
Lecithinase: degrades lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) in the cell membrane and causes lysis of red blood cells.

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12
Q

Gas gangrene

A

caused by clastodium perfringes which infects a deep wound and uses lecithinase to lyse hose cells and hyaluronidase to break though ECM

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13
Q

hemolysins

A

cause lysis of red blood cells> some are enzymes and some are cytolysins

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14
Q

leucocidins

A

cause the lysis of leucocytes. Produced by staphylococci and streptococci.

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15
Q

proteases

A

degrade complment proteins and other antibodies

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16
Q

coagulase

A

cause insoluble fibrins to be deposited bacteria surface and this protects them from host immune systems

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17
Q

invasins

A

surface proteins or injected proteins that allow microorganisms to enter cells
is a ,major virulence factor for intracellular pathogens
protect the bacterial pathogens against the host immune system

18
Q

examples of microbes that use invasins

A

mycobacterium, salmonella, Listeria and chlamydia

19
Q

how to pathogens adapt to to environments in the host cell

A

they modify properties and behaviour of the host cells
block phagosome maturation ( block digestion)
increase the size of the vacuole
acquire nutrients
block host defenses.

20
Q

Type 3 and 4 secretion systems
most common in gram neg bac.
T3SS forms a whole in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and periplasmic and outer membrane

A 
most common in gram neg bac.
T3SS forms a whole in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and periplasmic and outer membrane
function:
invasion of host cells 
block pathogosome 
take control of the host
21
Q

difference between T3SS AND T4SS

A

The lack of a needle like strructure called injectiosmoes

22
Q

Toxin

A

exctracellular enzymes that cause damage

23
Q

disease categories associated with bacterial pathogens

A

Infectious disease: result from pathogen growth
intoxication:
result from the presence of a toxin

24
Q

2 categories of toxins

A

exotoxin: excreted into surrounding as bacterial pathogen grows
endotoxin: a apart of the bacteria

25
Q

Exotoxins

A

these are soluble chemicals that are secreted or rereleased when the organism dies.
usually proteins so they can denatured by heat

26
Q

highly immunogenic

A

antibody response inactivates exotoxins

27
Q

extremely potent

A

very Lethal

28
Q

how are toxins categorized

A

by their target in the host body

29
Q

name the categories of toxins

A 
neurotoxins
enterotoxins
nephrotoxins
hepatoxins
cardiotoxins
30
Q

AB toxins

A

modify the host cells and are composed of 2 subunits
enzymatic subunit A:Modifies target inside the host
and binding cell B: binds to specific receptor.

31
Q

clastridium botulinum

A

toxin: botulinum
neurotoxin that blocks acetylcholine in neuromuscular junction
flaccid paralysis

32
Q

how botulism works

A

blocks the release of A and this blocks the muscle contraction

33
Q

AB toxin Tetanus toxin
clastridium Tetanii
toxin: TeNT

A

bacteria lives in soil as spores, can enter a deep would and dissolve into blood stream and affects the neutrons
causing muscle spastic paralysis.

34
Q

How TeNT works

A

TeNT bind to inhibitory interneurons that produce glycine and allow the relation of muscle and inhibits their function. results in contraction

35
Q

AB5 toxins : Cholera toxin

A

b: binds to intestinal cells
A: acticavates adenylate cyclase leads to the production of CAMP and this blocks Na movement and starts up Cl movement

36
Q

endotoxins

A

inside the bacteria

37
Q

infection by Gram-negative bacteria

A

Lipid A from LPS layer is released. it is heat stable and activates the immune system
causes fever, shock and diarrhea

38
Q

vaccines

A

made with toxins which are firstinactiated with heat or formaldehyde making toxoids which are still antigenic

39
Q

are there vaccines for endotoxins

A

no because they can not be in captivated by heat or formaldehyde

40
Q

pathogenicity island

A

section of chromosome encoding virulence factor

Microbiology (7 decks)

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