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Microbiology of water Flashcards

1
Q

factors that affect the biological activity of aquatic ecosystems

A

activity of the primary producers
oxygenic photoautotrophs
phytoplankton

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2
Q

factors that affect he activity and net number of phytoplankton

A

Temperature
light received
availability of limiting nutrients(N,P)

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3
Q

Photic zone

A

usually 300m deep the zone where light penetrates.

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4
Q

conditions In marine environments

A 
high salinity(3%)
very deeps high pressure about 1100 atmospheres
constant temperature 2-3
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5
Q

open ocean

A

pelagic zone

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6
Q

conditions in the pelagic zone

A

low primary productivity due to lack of inorganic nutrients
it is oligotrophic
cooler temperatures than the shore
in some regions wind and ocean currents cause upwelling of water from the ocean floor bringing nutrients to the surface

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7
Q

Where bulk productivity comes from in pelagic zone

A

prochlorophytes

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8
Q

general adaptations in the pelagic zone

A

reduced size. high surface/volume ratio

high affinity transport systems

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9
Q

trichodesmium

A

filamentous cynobaceria
contains phycobilins
nitrogen fixers

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10
Q

primary producers if coastal water

A

algae

cynobacteria

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11
Q

conditions in coastal waters

A

high productivity due to influx of nutrients from rivers

Eutrophic

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12
Q

where does the bulk productivity in open ocean come from

A

prochlorophytes

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13
Q

what are prochlorophytes

A

tiny phototrophs phylogenically related to the cyanbacteria

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14
Q

name a limiting factor in coastal water

A

nitrogen

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15
Q

What are the sources of carbon in water

A

atmospheric co2
weathering of calcite rocks
decomposition of phytoplankton

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16
Q

conditions in the deep sea

A

organic carbon is very scarce
oligotrophic
no light
very few microorganisms

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17
Q

microorganisms found in the deep sea

A

psychrophilic
barotolerant
barophilic

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18
Q

what are hydrothermal vets a source of

A

heat
nutrients
electron donors electron acceptors

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19
Q

what are tube worms in symbiosis with in hydrothermal vents

A

with sulfur oxidizing chemoautotrophs.

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20
Q

what do tube worms do for bacterial symbionts

A

trap and transport nutrients to the bacterial symbionts

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21
Q

what is the major determining factor of presence of microorganisms

A

the availability of nutrients
light
oxygen

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22
Q

Characteristics of an oligotrophic lake

A

Primary production is low because their little organic matter.

Oxygen concentration remains high
Because of the low consumption rate.

Aerobic lakes even at depths

Clear water

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23
Q

What are eutrophic lakes

A

Lakes rich in nutrient content

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24
Q

Conditions in eutrophic lakes

A

High primary production, a lot of organic matter
Rapid growth of chemoheterotrohs.
Low oxygen content because of presence of a lot of chemoheterotrophs
Poor light penetration

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25
what does the presence of organic matter at the bottom of eutrophic lakes support
The growth of denitrifiers, methanogens and surface reducers
26
What acts as an electron donor and produces salfate in anaerobic photosynthesis in eutrophic lakes
H2S
27
What gives eutrophic lakes their bad odor
Excess HwS and production of organic acids from fermantation
28
Name the three stages of biofilm formation
adhesion, colonization, development and active dispersal
29
how are most water borne pathogens transmitted
contamination by fecal matter.
30
where in the body are most water borne pathogens founnd
the gastrol intestinal tract.
31
Name 2 pathogens that cause gastroenteritis
Campylobacter and salmonella spp.
32
what disease does salmonella typhi cause
typhoid fever in humans
33
Vibrio cholera causes what symptoms?
cholera and severe diarrhea
34
What over symptom accompanies shigellosis when one has the shigella spp
Bacterial dysentery( bloody diarrhea, inflammation of intestinal mucosa)
35
what water borne pathogenic protozoa causes dysentery
Entamoeba histolytica
36
what pathogen cause giardiasis
Giardia lamblia
37
characteristics of a crytosporidium parvum infection.
chronic and acute diarrhea
38
What 2 organisms form cysts that are resistant to most disinfectants
C. Parvum and G. Lamblia, | C. parvum cyst are not detected in water treatment plants because they are too small.
39
is it possible to check for all pathogens in water?
No
40
what can be done instead to asses the quality of water.
Test for organisms mostly found in feces to indicate fecal contamination which may also mean that the water contains pathogens
41
2 indicators of fecal contamination
Presence of; Coliforms: Facultative aeobic, gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod shaped bacteria that can ferment lasctose Fecal coliforms: Colifroms derived from intestines of warm blooded animals eg Ecoli which indicate water is unsafe for human consumption.
42
how are coliforms tested for
suspected sample is added to lactose broth and if gas production is detected then the test is positive.
43
what is MPN
most probable number, a test for coliforms using lactose both and statistical tables to estimate
44
what other method could be used instead of MPN
Membrane filtration
45
how does membrane filtation work
the water is filtered, the content of the filter paper is then put on a differential media for lactose fermenters and is incubated and this helps detected how much coliforms there are
46
what are the aims of water treatment
remove pathogens remove bad odors and tastes improve clarity of the water soften the water
47
The steps in water treatment.
Sedimentation( removal of insoluble material and microorganisms) coagulation( also know as flocculation)- a flocculating chemical is added and as it forms flocs it traps fine particles and some organic matter) Filtration( remove remaining particles and G. lamblia cysts and at this point water is 98-99.5 disinfected) Chlorination( kill the remaining organism and prevent the growth of new inocula) storage
48
what other chemicals can be added to disinfect instead of chlorine
ozone: more effective than chlorine because is kills C. Parvum and G. lamblia cysts
49
what is the aim of waste water treatment
reducing BOD, which involves reducing the amount of organic matter) Destroy pathogens
50
the two stages of primary wastewater treatment
screening and sedimentation
51
what is involved in secondary wastewater treatment
anaerobic digestion | aerobic oxidation whose content is then disinfected and gives off the effluent discharge
52
what is an eutrophic lake
a nutrient rich lake
53
characteristics of eutrophic lakes
high primary productivity rapid growth of chemoheterotrophs and rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen poor light penetration
54
what supports the growth of denitrifies and methanogens and sulphate reducers in eutrophic lakes
anaerobic bottom sediments rich in organic matter (dead primary producers)
55
what does anaerobic photosynthesis use as an electron donor
H2S, this produces sulfate which is then used by sulphate reducers
56
what could be the effects of having too much H2S and organic acids from fermantation
This may cause the the water to smell bad. | It may also kill the fish.
57
what is lake stratification
the separate of lakes in lakes due to differences in temperatures. with the coolest dense water sinking to the bottom and the warmest lightest water floating at the top. It is high ly dependant on the size and shape of a lake
58
characteristics of lakes in temperate climates
presence of anaerobic zones due to lake stratification
59
name the different layers formed when lakes stratify
epilimnion: this layer is warm and aerobic Hypolimnion: this cooler and denser layer, anaerobic Thermocline: thin layer of water where is rapid temperature changes. lies between the epilimnion layer and hypolimnion layer.
60
what makes sure there is no fermentation and H2S production in rivers
good mixing and aeration that keep organic matter within limits
61
what is pollution of water
the deliberate discharge of liquid waste or sewage into large water sources
62
biofilm
microbial cells embed inside an extracellular matrix
63
What are the benefits for the cells to live in biofilms
more resistant to stresses
64
where and how are water borne pathogens borne and found
mostly found in the digestive tract and they are usually transmitted by fecal contamination of water supplies
65
what are the sources of infection by water-borne pathogens
``` potable water( drinking and food preparation) recreational wat er (swimming) ```
66
examples of water borne pathogens and what their symptoms
salmonella typi: typhoid fever in humans vibrio cholerae: cholera, severe diarrhea campylobacter spp: gastro-enteritis salmonella app: salmonella,, gatsro-enteritis enterovirus:norovirus and rotavirus Hepatitis Shigella: shigellosis bacterial dysentery (bloody diarrhea, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa) Entamoeba histolytic: amoeba dysenetry Giardia lamblia: severe diarrhea, backpack disease beaver fever cryptosporidium parvum: acute sever diarrhea. self limiting in healthy individuals
67
is it possible to check for all pathogens
no
68
what is done to test the water quality
test for pathogens present in faces because this indicates fecal pollution
69
two indicators of fecal contamination
coliforms e.g Ecoli. | fecal coliforms
70
does the absence of fecal contamination mean water is safe for drinking?
No, because cysts might be present and they are more resistant than coliform
71
what is MPN
Most probable number, a test for coliforms where a sample is added to a lactose broth and gas production is checked for. it uses statistical tables to estimate the MPN of coliforms
72
membrane filtration in water quality testing.
tests larger samples and is much faster. Uses EMB medium which is selective for lactose fermenters
73
what is the aim of water treatment
remove pathogens improve clarity of water' remove things that give off bad smells
74
steps in water treatment
``` sedimentation coagulation(flocculation) filtration chlorination storage ```
75
How does flocculation clean water
A flocculating fluid is added and as it forms flocs it traps fine particles* bacteria and viruses. Removes about 80% of the bacteria
76
Explain filtration in water treatment
water is filtered through sand removing the remaining particles , cysts of G.Lamblia are removed too
77
what is residual chlorine
amount of chlorine left in water leaving the water treatment plant
78
what chemical is more effect than chlorine in killing G. Lamblia and C. Parvum cysts
ozone
79
what is the aim of wastewater treatment
reducing BOD | Destroy pathogens
80
screening and sedimentation are processes in
primary wastewater treatment
81
the fate of the residue of primary wastewater treatment
Anaerobic digestion: digested sludge aerobic: disinfection. and. then treated effluent for discharge aerobic: activated sludge
82
what powers the treatment plant
the ch4 that is produced

Microbiology (7 decks)

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