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Microbiology > Microbiology of water > Flashcards

Microbiology of water Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

factors that affect the biological activity of aquatic ecosystems

A

activity of the primary producers
oxygenic photoautotrophs
phytoplankton

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2
Q

factors that affect he activity and net number of phytoplankton

A

Temperature
light received
availability of limiting nutrients(N,P)

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3
Q

Photic zone

A

usually 300m deep the zone where light penetrates.

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4
Q

conditions In marine environments

A 
high salinity(3%)
very deeps high pressure about 1100 atmospheres
constant temperature 2-3
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5
Q

open ocean

A

pelagic zone

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6
Q

conditions in the pelagic zone

A

low primary productivity due to lack of inorganic nutrients
it is oligotrophic
cooler temperatures than the shore
in some regions wind and ocean currents cause upwelling of water from the ocean floor bringing nutrients to the surface

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7
Q

Where bulk productivity comes from in pelagic zone

A

prochlorophytes

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8
Q

general adaptations in the pelagic zone

A

reduced size. high surface/volume ratio

high affinity transport systems

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9
Q

trichodesmium

A

filamentous cynobaceria
contains phycobilins
nitrogen fixers

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10
Q

primary producers if coastal water

A

algae

cynobacteria

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11
Q

conditions in coastal waters

A

high productivity due to influx of nutrients from rivers

Eutrophic

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12
Q

where does the bulk productivity in open ocean come from

A

prochlorophytes

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13
Q

what are prochlorophytes

A

tiny phototrophs phylogenically related to the cyanbacteria

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14
Q

name a limiting factor in coastal water

A

nitrogen

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15
Q

What are the sources of carbon in water

A

atmospheric co2
weathering of calcite rocks
decomposition of phytoplankton

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16
Q

conditions in the deep sea

A

organic carbon is very scarce
oligotrophic
no light
very few microorganisms

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17
Q

microorganisms found in the deep sea

A

psychrophilic
barotolerant
barophilic

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18
Q

what are hydrothermal vets a source of

A

heat
nutrients
electron donors electron acceptors

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19
Q

what are tube worms in symbiosis with in hydrothermal vents

A

with sulfur oxidizing chemoautotrophs.

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20
Q

what do tube worms do for bacterial symbionts

A

trap and transport nutrients to the bacterial symbionts

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21
Q

what is the major determining factor of presence of microorganisms

A

the availability of nutrients
light
oxygen

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22
Q

Characteristics of an oligotrophic lake

A

Primary production is low because their little organic matter.

Oxygen concentration remains high
Because of the low consumption rate.

Aerobic lakes even at depths

Clear water

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23
Q

What are eutrophic lakes

A

Lakes rich in nutrient content

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24
Q

Conditions in eutrophic lakes

A

High primary production, a lot of organic matter
Rapid growth of chemoheterotrohs.
Low oxygen content because of presence of a lot of chemoheterotrophs
Poor light penetration

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25
Q

what does the presence of organic matter at the bottom of eutrophic lakes support

A

The growth of denitrifiers, methanogens and surface reducers

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26
Q

What acts as an electron donor and produces salfate in anaerobic photosynthesis in eutrophic lakes

A

H2S

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27
Q

What gives eutrophic lakes their bad odor

A

Excess HwS and production of organic acids from fermantation

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28
Q

Name the three stages of biofilm formation

A

adhesion, colonization, development and active dispersal

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29
Q

how are most water borne pathogens transmitted

A

contamination by fecal matter.

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30
Q

where in the body are most water borne pathogens founnd

A

the gastrol intestinal tract.

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31
Q

Name 2 pathogens that cause gastroenteritis

A

Campylobacter and salmonella spp.

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32
Q

what disease does salmonella typhi cause

A

typhoid fever in humans

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33
Q

Vibrio cholera causes what symptoms?

A

cholera and severe diarrhea

34
Q

What over symptom accompanies shigellosis when one has the shigella spp

A

Bacterial dysentery( bloody diarrhea, inflammation of intestinal mucosa)

35
Q

what water borne pathogenic protozoa causes dysentery

A

Entamoeba histolytica

36
Q

what pathogen cause giardiasis

A

Giardia lamblia

37
Q

characteristics of a crytosporidium parvum infection.

A

chronic and acute diarrhea

38
Q

What 2 organisms form cysts that are resistant to most disinfectants

A

C. Parvum and G. Lamblia,

C. parvum cyst are not detected in water treatment plants because they are too small.

39
Q

is it possible to check for all pathogens in water?

A

No

40
Q

what can be done instead to asses the quality of water.

A

Test for organisms mostly found in feces to indicate fecal contamination which may also mean that the water contains pathogens

41
Q

2 indicators of fecal contamination

A

Presence of;
Coliforms: Facultative aeobic, gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod shaped bacteria that can ferment lasctose

Fecal coliforms: Colifroms derived from intestines of warm blooded animals eg Ecoli which indicate water is unsafe for human consumption.

42
Q

how are coliforms tested for

A

suspected sample is added to lactose broth and if gas production is detected then the test is positive.

43
Q

what is MPN

A

most probable number, a test for coliforms using lactose both and statistical tables to estimate

44
Q

what other method could be used instead of MPN

A

Membrane filtration

45
Q

how does membrane filtation work

A

the water is filtered, the content of the filter paper is then put on a differential media for lactose fermenters and is incubated and this helps detected how much coliforms there are

46
Q

what are the aims of water treatment

A

remove pathogens
remove bad odors and tastes
improve clarity of the water
soften the water

47
Q

The steps in water treatment.

A

Sedimentation( removal of insoluble material and microorganisms)
coagulation( also know as flocculation)- a flocculating chemical is added and as it forms flocs it traps fine particles and some organic matter)
Filtration( remove remaining particles and G. lamblia cysts and at this point water is 98-99.5 disinfected)
Chlorination( kill the remaining organism and prevent the growth of new inocula)
storage

48
Q

what other chemicals can be added to disinfect instead of chlorine

A

ozone: more effective than chlorine because is kills C. Parvum and G. lamblia cysts

49
Q

what is the aim of waste water treatment

A

reducing BOD, which involves reducing the amount of organic matter)
Destroy pathogens

50
Q

the two stages of primary wastewater treatment

A

screening and sedimentation

51
Q

what is involved in secondary wastewater treatment

A

anaerobic digestion

aerobic oxidation whose content is then disinfected and gives off the effluent discharge

52
Q

what is an eutrophic lake

A

a nutrient rich lake

53
Q

characteristics of eutrophic lakes

A

high primary productivity
rapid growth of chemoheterotrophs and rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen
poor light penetration

54
Q

what supports the growth of denitrifies and methanogens and sulphate reducers in eutrophic lakes

A

anaerobic bottom sediments rich in organic matter (dead primary producers)

55
Q

what does anaerobic photosynthesis use as an electron donor

A

H2S, this produces sulfate which is then used by sulphate reducers

56
Q

what could be the effects of having too much H2S and organic acids from fermantation

A

This may cause the the water to smell bad.

It may also kill the fish.

57
Q

what is lake stratification

A

the separate of lakes in lakes due to differences in temperatures. with the coolest dense water sinking to the bottom and the warmest lightest water floating at the top. It is high ly dependant on the size and shape of a lake

58
Q

characteristics of lakes in temperate climates

A

presence of anaerobic zones due to lake stratification

59
Q

name the different layers formed when lakes stratify

A

epilimnion: this layer is warm and aerobic

Hypolimnion: this cooler and denser layer, anaerobic

Thermocline: thin layer of water where is rapid temperature changes. lies between the epilimnion layer and hypolimnion layer.

60
Q

what makes sure there is no fermentation and H2S production in rivers

A

good mixing and aeration that keep organic matter within limits

61
Q

what is pollution of water

A

the deliberate discharge of liquid waste or sewage into large water sources

62
Q

biofilm

A

microbial cells embed inside an extracellular matrix

63
Q

What are the benefits for the cells to live in biofilms

A

more resistant to stresses

64
Q

where and how are water borne pathogens borne and found

A

mostly found in the digestive tract and they are usually transmitted by fecal contamination of water supplies

65
Q

what are the sources of infection by water-borne pathogens

A 
potable water( drinking and food preparation)
recreational wat er (swimming)
66
Q

examples of water borne pathogens and what their symptoms

A

salmonella typi: typhoid fever in humans
vibrio cholerae: cholera, severe diarrhea
campylobacter spp: gastro-enteritis
salmonella app: salmonella,, gatsro-enteritis
enterovirus:norovirus and rotavirus
Hepatitis
Shigella: shigellosis bacterial dysentery (bloody diarrhea, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa)
Entamoeba histolytic: amoeba dysenetry
Giardia lamblia: severe diarrhea, backpack disease
beaver fever
cryptosporidium parvum: acute sever diarrhea.
self limiting in healthy individuals

67
Q

is it possible to check for all pathogens

A

no

68
Q

what is done to test the water quality

A

test for pathogens present in faces because this indicates fecal pollution

69
Q

two indicators of fecal contamination

A

coliforms e.g Ecoli.

fecal coliforms

70
Q

does the absence of fecal contamination mean water is safe for drinking?

A

No, because cysts might be present and they are more resistant than coliform

71
Q

what is MPN

A

Most probable number, a test for coliforms where a sample is added to a lactose broth and gas production is checked for.
it uses statistical tables to estimate the MPN of coliforms

72
Q

membrane filtration in water quality testing.

A

tests larger samples and is much faster. Uses EMB medium which is selective for lactose fermenters

73
Q

what is the aim of water treatment

A

remove pathogens
improve clarity of water’
remove things that give off bad smells

74
Q

steps in water treatment

A 
sedimentation
coagulation(flocculation)
filtration
chlorination
storage
75
Q

How does flocculation clean water

A

A flocculating fluid is added and as it forms flocs it traps fine particles* bacteria and viruses. Removes about 80% of the bacteria

76
Q

Explain filtration in water treatment

A

water is filtered through sand removing the remaining particles , cysts of G.Lamblia are removed too

77
Q

what is residual chlorine

A

amount of chlorine left in water leaving the water treatment plant

78
Q

what chemical is more effect than chlorine in killing G. Lamblia and C. Parvum cysts

A

ozone

79
Q

what is the aim of wastewater treatment

A

reducing BOD

Destroy pathogens

80
Q

screening and sedimentation are processes in

A

primary wastewater treatment

81
Q

the fate of the residue of primary wastewater treatment

A

Anaerobic digestion: digested sludge

aerobic: disinfection. and. then treated effluent for discharge
aerobic: activated sludge

82
Q

what powers the treatment plant

A

the ch4 that is produced

Microbiology (7 decks)

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