Taxonomy CA Plants Chapter 9 Plant Morphology Flashcards
List the 4 possible Plant Habits
herb
shrub/subshrub
tree
vine
Herb
Any plant that dies back partially or all the way each year.
Includes:
annuals (entire plant dies back completely each year)
perennial (only above ground portion of plant dies back, but bulb or corm remains so plant may come back for 3 or more years)
biennial (2 years)
Shrub
Woody plant that has multiple stems arising from the base
Tree
Woody plant with a single trunk
Subshrub
woody plant above ground, with multiple stems arising from base that send new shoots each year.
Vine
Plant with a weak stem that must be supported. Has tendrils that wrap around other objects to support the plant.
List and define the 6 Plant Habitats
terrestrial- on land
aquatic floating- floating on water
aquatic submersed- completely underneath water
aquatic emergent- emerging from under water
epiphytic- A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a staghorn fern, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients
saxicolous- growing in the cracks of rocks
epiphytic
A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a staghorn fern, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients
saxicolous
growing in the cracks of rocks
What are the structures of a root?
root cap (protects apical meristem of root)
root hairs (epidermal cells that help extend the surface area of the root for more absorption of water and nutrients)
endodermis (on the outside of the vascular cylinder [xylem and phloem] in root, starts about where the root hairs begin, and functions to prevent toxins from entering the plant
What is the function of roots?
absorption of water and nutrients
anchorage
Why are adventitious roots not considered lateral roots?
Adventitious roots arise from a non-root organ
Lateral roots arise from another root (primary, secondary, or tertiary)
List and describe 7 root types.
taproot- one large primary root with smaller lateral roots coming off
fibrous- grasses
adventitious roots- roots arising from non-root organs
prop roots- any above ground root that supports the plant (all prop roots are adventitious roots)
haustorial- roots that tap into other plants to obtain water and nutrients (parasitic plants)
storage roots- any root that stores nutrients or water for the plant (almost always taproots, examples are the radish and sweet potato)
buttress roots- roots that buttress out beneath the plant above ground (like trees in Florida) they generally occur because the ground is too shallow for the roots. Kind of a prop root.
What are shoots?
nodes?
internodes?
shoots- stems and associated leaves
nodes-place where the leaves are attached to the stem
internodes- distance between two nodes, the section that grows or elongates
What does each leaf primordium develop into?
one leaf
What are the parts of the shoot tip or shoot apex?
the shoot apical meristem, and the axis just below it, the leaf primordium, and the bud primordium
What is the function of the stems?
supportive organs (supporting and usually elevating leaves and reproductive organs) and as conductive organs (conducting both water/minerals and sugars through the vascular tissue between leaves, roots, and reproductive organs.)
What part of the leaf is adaxial? abaxial?
adaxial is the top of the leaf
abaxial is the bottom (B for bottom of leaf)
What is a bud?
an immature shoot system, with architecture identical to the original shoot (shoot apex)
What is a rootstock?
underground stems that function as storage and protective organs that remain alive underground during harsh conditions of cold or drought and sending out new adventitious roots or aerial shoots when environmental conditions improve. Examples are the bulb, corm, caudex, rhizome, and tuber.
LIst and describe the 17 Shoot Types.
areole-cactus spines
bulb-small stem with most succulent storage leaves (onions)
caudex- single woody portion above ground then plant on top
caudiciform stems- huge woody round portion partially above and below ground
cladodes- a flattened stem (Beavertail Cacti)
corm-like a bulb but with a larger stem
culm-The flowering and fruiting stems
fascicle/short shoot- A shoot with very short internodes on which flowers or leaves are born
rhizome-A horizontal, underground stem, generally with short internodes and scalelike leaves.
scape-A “naked” (leafless) peduncle, generally arising from a basal rosette of vegetative leaves
stolon- An inderterminate, elongate, slightly underground or above ground propagative stem, with long internodes, rooting at the tip forming new plants.
thorn- a shorted, sharp pointed stem
tiller- a grass shoot produced from the base of the stem
tendril-on a vine
tuber- off a potato
pachycaul- tree that has a swollen trunk
pseudobulb-some orchids that have swollen shoots that look like a bulb
Areole
A modified, reduced, and nonelongaing shoot apical meristem containing spines
Bulb
A short, erect, underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves
Caudex
A short, thick, vertical or branched perennial stem, underground or at/near ground level.
Caudiciform
A low (at or above ground level), swollen, perennial storage stem from which arise annual or otherwise nonpersistent photosynthetic shoots
Cladode
A flattened photosynthetic stem, functioning as an resembling a leaf.
Corm
An enlarged, solid underground storage stem or stem base, with outer, protective scales.
-Like a bulb but with a larger stem
Culm
The flowering and fruiting stems of grasses and sedges
fascicle/short shoot
A shoot with very short internodes on which flowers or leaves are born
rhizome
A horizontal, underground stem, generally with short internodes and scalelike leaves.
Scape
A “naked” (leafless) peduncle, generally arising from a basal rosette of vegetative leaves
stolon
An inderterminate, elongate, slightly underground or above ground propagative stem, with long internodes, rooting at the tip forming new plants
Tiller
a grass shoot produced from the base of the stem
What are the 5 Stem Habits?
acaulescent- leaves growing at base of stem only (dandelion)
caulescent- leaves growing all over shoot
cespitose- tufts of shoots (grasses)
prostrate- stem grows flat on ground
decumbent- shoot grows vertical then shoots upward
What are the 3 Stem Branching Patterns?
monopodial- terminal bud continues to grow
sympodial- apical stem either aborts or converts to a flower, lateral continues to grow, terminal aborts
dichotomous-apical meristem divides equally
What are the parts of a twig?
terminal bud, lateral buds, stipule scars, lenticels, nodes, internodes, leaf scars, vascular bundle scars, and terminal bud scars
What are the 5 Bud Types?
collateral- buds right next to each other
superposed- buds on top of one another
pseudoterminal- has a tiny abortive apical meristem beside bud
naked- no outer protective bud scales
infrapetiolar- bud inside a petiole base of a leaf
What are the types of a terminal bud of a twig?
The outer protective bud scales, the leaf primordia, and the apical meristem
What are some general terms that can be used to describe more than one structure or organ of a plant?
Color/ color pattern size number texture fusion shape (3D or 2D)
What are some character states to describe a general number of plant parts?
cycle = # of whorls moronity = # of parts per whorl
What are some character states to describe a texture character of a plant?
coriaceous=thick, leathery.
indurate=hard, unbendable.
scarious= thin, dry, translucent.
succulent= fleshy)
What are some character states to describe fusion as a character of a plant?
connate or coherent= fusion of like parts
adnate or adherent= fusion of unlike parts
distinct= lack of fusion of like parts
free or contiguous= lack of fusion of unlike parts
Name some character states to describe a 3D shape of a plant organ.
capitate clavate filiform ligulate pilate terete
Name some character states to describe a 2D shape of a plant organ.
acicular, ensiform, strap-shaped
linear, narrowly oblong, oblong
narrowly elliptic, elliptic, widely elliptic
orbicular
lanceolate, lance-ovate, ovate, widely ovate
oblanceolate, oblance-ovate, obovate
narrowly triangular, triangular, widely triangular
deltate
cordate, falcate, reniform, spatulate
Name some character states to describe the base of a leaf.
attenuate, narrowly cuneate, cuneate, obtuse,
rounded, emarginate, reniform, truncate, cordate, auriculate, hastate, sagittate, oblique, peltate
Name some character states to describe the margin of a leaf.
entire, serrate, doubly serrate, dentate, denticulate, crenate, crenulate, spinose, erose, ciliate, ciliolate, filiferous
Name some character states to describe the apex of a leaf. (apex shape and apical process)
apex shape: acuminate, narrowly acute, acute, obtuse, rounded, emarginate, truncate
apical process: mucronate, mucronulate, apiculate, aristate, cirrhose, spinose
Name some character states to describe leaf division.
pinnately lobed, cleft, parted or divided
palmately lobed, cleft, parted, or divided
decompound, sinuate, lanciniate, pectinate, incised, pinnatifid, bipinnatifid, tripinnatifid
Disposition
relative placement of objects
position
relative placement of unlike objects
arrangement
relative placement of like objects
orientation
angle relative to central axis
posture
placement relative to horizontal plane (transverse, longitudinal, twisting/bending postures)
Name some character states of general positions and specialized positions.
General: adaxial, abaxial, distal, proximal/basal parts of leaf
anterior/abaxial or posterior/adaxial sides of a flower
specialized: cauline, acrocaulis, basal/radical position of leaves on a stem
Name some character states of leaf arrangements.
spiral or distichous alternate arrangements, decussate or non-decussate opposite arrangement, whorled, equitant, fasciculate
Name some character states to describe the orientation of a plant part.
appressed, ascending, inclined, horizontal, reclined, descending, depressed. Flower: erect and pendant
Name some character states of posture.
transverse: recurved, incurved
longitudinal: conduplicate, cup-shaped, revolute, involute, plicate, undulate
twisting/bending: resupinate (180 degree turn), and geniculate
Name some character states to describe surface configuration and epidermal excrescence.
canaliculate, punctate, rugose, striate
aculeate/prickly, farinaceous/scurfy, tuberculate/papillate/verrucate, glaucous (with a waxy coating) , viscid ( with a sticky secretion)
Name some character states to describe surface vestiture.
pubescent, tomentose, lanate/villous, pilose, scabrous, hirsute, hispid, strigose, sericeous, glabrous (smooth with no trichomes)
Name some character states to describe trichome type.
glandular (pilate or capitate), stellate (sessile or stalked), peltate, dendritic, tapering
Name some character states to describe bristle type.
hooked, barbed, plumose, glochidiate
What is the difference between an bract and a scale?
~a bract is a reduced leaf, smaller than major photosynthetic leaves.
~a scale is a small non-green leaf functioning to protect apical meristems
From what is a phyllode derived?
a flattened petiole
Name the three modifications of leaves found in carnivorous plants.
tentacular, pitcher, and trap leaves
What are the parts of a flower, including collective terms?
pedicel bract receptacle ovules nectary perianth (includes calyx and corolla) stamen (includes anther and filament) pistil (includes the stigma, style, and ovary)
Name the two basic types of flower sex.
bisexual and unisexual (either staminate or pistillate)
Name the three basic types of plant sex. What is the corresponding type of flower sex for each?
hermaphroditic has bisexual flowers on it.
monoecious plants have unisexual flowers, pistillate and staminate on the same plant.
dioecious plants have unisexual flowers, but only one flower sex per plant.
What is the perianth cycle?
the number of whorls per perianth part (calyx and corolla)
What is the difference between dichlamydeous and homochlamydeous?
dichlamydeous is a perianth with outer calyx and inner corolla.
homochlamydeous is a perianth composed of similar parts, each part a tepal.
What is the difference between a gynoecium, carpel, and pistil?
Gynoecium- all female parts of a flower
Carpel- conduplicate megasporophyll
pistil-ovary, style, and stigma
What are the 3 parts of a pistil? What is a locule?
pistils consist of a stigma, style, and ovary
locule is just the name for the compartment that the ovary is in.
How is carpel number determined?
If the gynoecium is apocarpus, the number of carpels is equal to the number of pistils. If there is a single pistil, that pistil can still be equivalent one carpel, or be composed of any number of fused carpels. The number of carpels is equal to the number of styles or stigmas, if either of these is greater than 1. This is true even if there is only one locule, ovule, and placenta (may be ancestral). Also, if there is only one style or stigma, the carpel must be dissected to determine the number of locules to determine the number of carpels.
