Families

Question 1

Oxalidaceae

• plant habit
• leaf morphology
• flower sex
• flower symmetry
• stamen cycly
• fruit type

Answer 1

• herbs, shrubs, or small trees
• leaves usually with pinnate or palmate (often trifoliate, leaflets often folding at night)
• flowers bisexual
• actinomorphic, pentamerous symmetry
• stamens usually biseriate with outer, basal nectaries
• fruit is loculicidal capsule or berry

Question 2

Oxalidaceae

• # genera in family
• # species in family
• family formula_KCAG

Answer 2

• 5-6 genera
• 560-770 species

FORMULA K 5 C 5 or (5) A (5 + 5) G (5), Superior

Question 3

Oxalidaceae

• distribution
• economic importance
• what family name stands for in Greek

Answer 3

• distribution mostly worldwide
• economic importance includes fruit trees (eg Averrhoa carambola (star-fruit), tuber plants (eg Oxalis tuberosa), and ornamental cultivars (eg. Oxalis species)
• Oxalidaceae-oxalis family is Greek for “sour” for the accumulation of oxalic acid in the tissues of the plant.

Question 4

Brassicaceae

• plant habit
• perianth type
• stamen arrangement
• ovary position
• carpel #, locule #
• placentation
• fruit type

Answer 4

• herbs, rarely shrubs
• perianth cruciate (petals usually clawed)
• stamens usually 2+4, tetradynamous
• superior ovary
• 2-carpellate/loculate ovary
• axile-parietal placentation
• 2-valved, dehiscent fruit with a replum (silique or silicle)

Question 5

Brassicaceae

• # genera in family
• # species in family
• Family formula
• Compound only found in this family

Answer 5

• 365 genera
• 3250 species

Formula: K 2 + 2 C 4 A 2 + 4 G (2), superior

• glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides)

Question 6

Brassicaceae

• distribution
• economic importance

Answer 6

• worldwide distribution
• economic importance includes numerous vegitable and flavoring plants (notibly the crucifers or mustard plants), including horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, collards, kale (all cultivars of Brassica oleracea), rutabaga and canola oil (B. napus), mustard (B. nigra), turnip (B. rapa), wasabi ( Eutrema japonicum), radish (Raphanus sativus), and many more; plus numerous cultivated ornamentals, dye plants (Isatis tinctoria, woad), and some noxious weeds; Arabidopsis thalliana is noted as a **model for detailed molecular studies. **

Question 7

Ericaceae

• plant habit
• leaf morphology
• corolla fusion
• stamen dehiscence
• stamen development

Answer 7

• evergreen shrubs (some achlorophyllous or not containing chlorophyll, and mycotrophic or obtaining nutrition from mycorrhizal fungi)
• leaves coriaceous, linear-revolute to broad-flat
• corolla sympetalous
• stamens usually poricidal dehiscence
• stamen development by anther inversion

Question 8

Ericaceae

• Floral formula
• other name for family
• # genera
• # species

Answer 8

• K 5 C (5) A 5 + 5 G (5), superior (usually) or inferior
• Heath family
• 106 genera
• 3355 species

Question 9

Ericaceae

• economic importance
• common plant habitats, and reason found in these habitats
• explain anther development, what else usually present on anthers?

Answer 9

• economic importance includes cultivated ornamentals, especially Rhododendron (Azalea) and Erica; Vaccinium species are important fruit plants, including blueberry and cranberry
• members of the family grown in acid soils typically; various species (e.g., Erica) are dominants in bog, moorland, or heathland communities with distributions worldwide in temperate and tropical (mostly montane) regions.
• filament is attached at base of anther, as well as anther appendages. As anther developes, it’s poricidal dehiscence is pointed down, but the anther does a 180 degree turn and leaves the appendages and porocidal opening pointing up, or apical instead of basal.

Question 10

Rosaceae

• distinct leaf type (fusion and attachment)
• perianth symmetry
• hypanthium present or absent?
• gynoecial fusion, ovary position, and fruit type

Answer 10

• stipulate leaves (often adnate to petiolate)
• actinomorphic, generally pentamorous flower
• hypanthium present
• variable in gynoecial fusion, ovary position, and fruit type

Question 11

Rosaceae

• Floral formula
• three subfamilies of recent subdivision & distinct features of each
• economic importance

Answer 11

• K 5 C 5 A 20-∞ G 1-∞, superior or inferior, hypanthium present
• Rosoideae, having an apocarpous or unicarpellous gynoecium forming an achene, achenecetum, or drupecetum; Dryadoideae, having a drupecetum or achene, but all having a symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen fixing actinomycete Frankia; Spiraedoideae show complicated variation in ovary/fruit morphology, encompassing taxa with an apocarpous gynoecium forming a follicetum, taxa with a single, superior-ovaried pistil bearing one ovule, the fruit a drupe, and taxa with an inferior ovary, forming a pome.
• economic imporatance is many cultivated fruits including Fragaria (strawberry), Malus (apples), Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum), Pyrus (pear), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), as well as essential oils (e.g., Rosa), and numerous ornamental cultivars, such as Cotoneaster, Photinia, Prunus (cherries), Pyracantha, Rosa (roses), and Spiraea.

Question 12

Rosaceae

• Species we know from Rosaceae
• Other species

Answer 12

• Adenostoma fasciculatum, Cercocarpus minutiflorus, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Prunus ilicifolia
• Cercocarpus betuloides (Mountain-Mohogany), Coleogyne ramosissiama (Blackbush), Fragaria vesca (Wild Strawberry), Rosa californica (California Rose), Prunus fremontii (Desert Apricot), Prunus virginiana (Choke Cherry), Malus pumila (Apple), Prunus spp. (Cherries, Peaches, Plums),

Question 13

Salicaceae

• plant sex
• plant habit
• leaf type & morphology
• leaf margin
• perianth morphology
• placentation
• fruit type

Answer 13

• dioecious to hermaphroditic
• trees or shrubs
• simple leaves, usually spiral, stipulate
• margin often has salicoid teeth (vien transverses into the tooth apex, expanding into usually pigmented, rounded gland or a stout trichome)
• flowers often small, perianth variable, sometimes one or both whorls absent, stamens 2–∞
• fruit usually a capsule, berry, or drupe

Question 14

Salicaceae

• Floral formula
• # genera
• # species
• distribution
• economic importance

Answer 14

• K 0-8 C 0-8 A 2–∞ G 2–∞, superior
• 54-55 genera
• 1200 species
• timber trees, fruit trees, and ornamental cultivars, including Azara, Idesia, Olmediella (Guatemalanholly), Populus (cottonwoods or poplars) and Salix (willows)
  ~the bark of willows (Salix) was the original source of salicin, the chemical modification of which is aspirin (acetyl-salicylic acid).

Question 15

Lamiaceae

• plant habit
• stem morphology
• leaf arrangement
• inflourescence type
• perianth symmetry, type, & ovary morphology
• fruit type

Answer 15

• herbs or shrubs
• usually 4-sided stems
• opposite (or whorled) leaves
• verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary in some]
• zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic], usually bilabiate flowers superior, deeply 4-lobed ovary and gynobasic style
• fruit a schizocarp of usually 4 nutlets

Question 16

Lamiaceae

• Floral formula
• # genera
• # species
• econimic importance

Answer 16

• K (5) C (5) A 4 or 2 G (2), superior, hypanthium absent
• 251 genera
• 6,700 species
• Economic importance includes medicinals, herbs (e.g., Mentha, mint; Ocimum, basal; Rosmarinus, rosemary; Salvia, sage; Thymus, thyme), fragrance plants (e.g., Lavandula, lavender; Pogostemon, patchouli), and a number or cultivated ornamentals.

Question 17

Cucurbitaceae

• plant sex & habit
• leaf morphology
• stem habit
• perianth-androecial position
• placentation & carpel number
• fruit type

Answer 17

Cucurbitaceae

• monoecious or dioecious vines
• simple, palmately veined &/or lobed
• tendrils usually present
• female flowers epiperigynous
• parietal placentation, 3 carpels
• fruit a berry, pepo, or samara

Question 18

Cucurbitaceae

• Floral formula
• distribution
• economically important members

Answer 18

Cucurbitaceae

• K 5 C 5 or (5) A 3-5 or (3-5) G (3) [2-5], inferior, hypanthium present
• worldwide distribution, mainly in tropics
• economically important food crops such as Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucumis melo (melons), Cucumis sativa (cucumber), Cucurbita pepo and other spp. (squashes, pumpkins) and a number of other taxa; the dried fruits of a number of species are used as gourds, those of Luffa (luffa) are used as a sponge; some taxa have medicinal or horticultural uses.

Question 19

Rhamnaceae

• plant habit
• leaf morphology
• flower sex
• flower perianth-androecial position
• perianth merosity
• stamen position
• fruit type

Answer 19

• trees, shrubs,lianas, or rarely herbs
• leaves simple, spiral or opposite
• flowers unisexual or bisexual
• perigynous to epiperigynous
• perianth/androecium 4–5-merous, petals sometimes 0
• stamens alternisepalous; nectariferous disk usually adnate to hypanthium
• fruit a drupe, circumscissile capsule, or schizocarp

Question 20

Rhamnaceae

• Floral formula
• economic imporant members

Answer 20

• K 4-5 C 4-5 [0] A 4-5 G (2-3) [(-5)], superior to inferior, hypanthium usually present
• ornamental cultivars (ceanothus sp), and jujube (fruit eaten or candied, also used for medicine).

Question 21

Phrymaceae

• plant habit
• leaf morphology
• flower symmetry
• perianth morphology
• ovary position, carpel number
• fruit type

Answer 21

Phyrmaceae

• herb or shrub
• leaves simple, opposite
• flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic
• perianth synsepalous and sympetalous
• ovary superior, 1 or 2 carpellate
• fruit a capsule, achene, or berry

Question 22

Phrymaceae

• Floral formula
• other name
• Genera
• Species
• distribution
• economic importance

Answer 22

Phrymaceae

• K ( 5) [(3,4)] C (5) A 4 G (2), superior
• Hopseed family
• 10 genera
• 190 species
• worldwide distribution
• Economic importance includes some cultivars in Mimulus.

Question 23

Polygonaceae

• Leaf morphology
• Inflourescence
• Flower size and symmetry
• Periath morphology
• Carpel number
• Ovule morphology
• Fruit type

Answer 23

Polygonaceae

• Leaves simple, spiral, with or without a stipular ocrea
• Inflourescence of fasciculate units
• Flowers small, actinomorphic symmetry
• Periath 3+3 or 5 (quincuncial) tepals connate
• Ovary usually 3 carpellate
• Ovule single, basal, mostly orthotropous
• Fruit usually a 3-sided achene or nutlet

Question 24

Polygonaceae

• Floral formula, in PAG
• Other name
• genera
• species
• distribution
• Economic importance

Answer 24

Polygonaceae

• P (3+3) or (5) A 3+3, 8 G (3), superior, hypanthium present or absent
• Buckwheat family
• 46 genera
• 1,100 species
• worldwide distribution
• Economic importance includes edible plants, such as:Fagopyrum esculentum, buckwheat
  Rheum xhybridum, rhubarbMedicinal plants; timber, charcoal, and tanning plants
  Cultivated ornamentals, such as Antigonon leptopus, coral vine, Muelenbeckia, and Polygonum.

Question 25

Fabaceae

• Other name
• 3 subfamily names
• genera
• species
• Latin meaning for Faba

Answer 25

Fabaceae

• Leguminosae (Bean/Pea Family)
• Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, & Faboideae
• 643 genera
• 18,000 sp
• broad bean

Question 26

Fabaceae

• plant habit
• leaf morphology
• flower merosity
• gynoecial fusion
• placentation
• fruit type

Answer 26

Fabaceae

• trees, shrubs, vines, or herbs
• leaves stipulate, often compound
• flowers typically penamerous
• a single, unicarpellous pistil
• marginal placentation
• fruit a legume (or modified legume)

Question 27

Fabaceae

• Floral formula
• economically important members

Answer 27

Fabacaea

• K 5 or (5) C 5 or (5) A 10 or (10) to ∞ [variable] G 1, superior, hypanthium sometimes present
• Members of the Fabaceae are dominant species in some ecosystems (e.g., Acacia spp. in parts of Africa and Australia) and ecologically important for containing nitrogen-fixing rhizobial nodules.
  Economically, legumes are one of the important plant groups, being the source of numerous pulses (such as Arachis hypogaea, **peanut, **Glycine max, **soybeans, **Lens culinaris, **lentil, **Phaseolus spp., **beans, **Pisum sativum, peas, Flavoring plants (such as Ceratonia siliqua, carob), Fodder and soil rotation plants (such as Medicago sativa, alfalfa, or Trifolium spp., clovers), Oils, timber trees, gums, dyes, and insecticides.

Question 28

Fabaceae

Distinctive features of subfamily:

• Caesalpinioideae
• Mimosoideae
• Faboideae

Answer 28

Fabacaea

Caesalpinioideae
Flowers zygomorphic; petals distinct; posterior petal inner to laterals; stamens distinct.

Mimosoideae
Flowers actinomorphic; petals distinct or connate; stamens often ∞, showy; flowers often densely aggregated.

Faboideae (=Papilionoideae)
Flowers zygomorphic; posterior petal outer to laterals; stamens connate; Perianth papilionaceous Terminology: Posterior petal = banner or standard; Lateral petals = wings; Anterior petals = keel, petals (basally distinct; distally connate; collectively called the keel); Posterior petal (banner) outer to laterals (wings), Stamens connate: monadelphous or diadelphous

Question 29

Asteraceae

• other name for family
• plant habit
• inflorescence morphology
• flower morphology
• androecium fusion
• ovary position
• fruit type

Answer 29

Asteraceae

• Compositae, sunflower family
• Herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees
• Inflorescence a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries (=involucral bracts)
• Flowers either bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate (heads of many taxa a mixture of central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers), Calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or capillary bristles (or absent)
• Androecium syngenesious
• Ovary inferior with a single, basal ovule
• Fruit a multiple of achenes

Question 30

Asteraceae

• Floral formula
• Economically imporant members

Answer 30

Asteracae

• K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal ovule
• Some food plants, e.g.Cynara scolymus, **artichoke, **Helianthus annuus, **sunflower, **Lactuca serriola, lettuce
  Many ornamental cultivars, Various species used locally or industrially
  **The prickly fruits of Arctium lappa (burdock) are purported to have been the model for invention of velcro.

Question 31

What are the different parts of the plant used for food from the different plants in the Asteraceae?

Answer 31

Cynara scolymus ARTICHOKE; (Greek kyon, “dog,” the phyllaries likened to dogs’ teeth + Greek skolymus, “artichoke”)
Part used: INFLORESCENCE = HEAD

Helianthus annuus SUNFLOWER; seeds eated, fruit is a multiple of achenes

Lactuca sativa (L. for “milk”, from milky sap + “cultivated”) LETTUCE
Part used: LEAVES
3 types: heading (e. g., iceberg, boston), loose-leaf (e. g., red-tipped), cos (e. g., romaine)
[Tossed lettuce salad eaten by Romans]

Question 32

Describe the 3 different flower types you find within the Asteraceae.

Answer 32

Three types of flowers:

1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips
2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1 lobe
3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed

Question 33

List and describe the five different types of heads found in the Asteraceae.

Answer 33

1) discoid, with only disk flowers;
2) disciform, with central disk flowers and marginal, eligulate female flowers;
3) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray flowers;
4) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with 5-toothed corolla apices);
5) bilabiate, with all bilabiate flowers.

Question 34

Caryophyllaceae

• distinctive feature
• leaf type & arrangement
• inflorescence type
• flower symmetry
• corolla fusion & morphology
• placentation
• fruit type

Answer 34

Caryophyllaceae

• nodes often swollen
• leaves simple, opposite
• inflorescence of solitary flowers or dichasial cymes
• flowers biseriate, actinomorphic, usually pentamerous
• petals distinct, clawed
• ovary with free-central placentation
• fruit a capsule

Question 35

Caryophyllaceae

• Floral formula
• distribution
• economically important members
• nickname for family, what name means

Answer 35

Carophyllaceae

• K 5 or (5) C 5 A 5 or 5+5 G (2-5+), superior, hypanthium usually absent.
• The Caryophyllaceae have a worldwide distribution, especially in the northern hemisphere.
• Economic importance includes several ornamental cultivars, such as Dianthus, carnation.
• Carnation family (meaning “clove-leaved”)