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Taxonomy of California Plants > Chapter 16: Nomenclature > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nomenclature?

A

Assignment of plant names utilizing a formal system

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2
Q

What is the name of the work providing the rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature?

A

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)
(formerly International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN)

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3
Q

What organisms are covered by the ICN?

A

Land plants, “algae,” and fungi

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4
Q

What are two basic activities governed by the ICN?”

A

1) Naming new taxa

2) Determining the correct name for previously named taxa (altered in some way)

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5
Q

What are legitimate and illegitimate names?”

A

Legitimate Names:in accordance with the rules of the ICN

Illegitimate Names:violate one or more rules of the ICN

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6
Q

How are changes to the ICN made?”

A

International Botanical Congress”

Last held in Melbourne, Australia - July 2011. Next: Shenzhen, China, 23–29 July 2017.

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7
Q

What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature?

A

1) Botanical nomenclature is independent of Zoological and Bacteriological nomenclature.
2) The application of botanical names is determined by means of nomenclatural types.
3) Botanical nomenclature is based upon priority of publication.
4) Each taxon of a particular circumscription, position, and rank can have only one correct name, the earliest in accordance with the rules. [=Fundamental Principle!]
5) Scientific names are treated as Latin.
6) The rules and regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are retroactive.

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8
Q

What are the rules vs. regulations of the ICN?

A

Rules = required Recommendations = not required

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9
Q

What is a scientific name?”

A

= the names assigned by the rules of the ICN In Latin language
E.g., Malpighia, Alliaceae, Zingiberales

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10
Q

Who first consistently used binomials?

A

Linnaeus

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11
Q

What is the correct form of binomials?

A

Binomial =

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12
Q

Name the reasons that common names are disadvantageous.

A

1) Only scientific names are universal, used the same world- wide; e.g., Ipomoea -Woodbine, Morning Glory
2) Common names are not consistent.
a) A taxon may have more than one common name (e.g.,
chamise, greasewood for Adenostoma fasciculatum).
b) One common name may refer to more than one taxon (e.g.,

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13
Q

What is rank?”

A

Hierarchical classification in which a higher rank

is inclusive of all lower ranks.

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14
Q

What is position?”

A

Placement as a member of a taxon of the next higher rank

E.g., Aster & Rosa of same rank (genus) but different positions (Asteraceae & Rosaceae)

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15
Q

What are the ranks?

A

Main ones are KPCOFGS,

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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16
Q

What are the major rank endings?

A

Order -ales
Family -aceae
Genus -various
Species -various

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17
Q 
Alternate Family/Subfamily Names
Apiaceae 
Arecaceae 
Asteraceae 
Brassicaceae 
Clusiaceae 
Fabaceae 
Lamiaceae 
Poaceae 
Faboideae
A 
Apiaceae= Umbelliferae 
Arecaceae= Palmae 
Asteraceae= Compositae 
Brassicaceae = Cruciferae 
Clusiaceae= Guttiferae
 Fabaceae = Leguminosae
Lamiaceae = Labiatae
Poaceae = Gramineae
Faboideae = Papilionoideae
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18
Q

What is a ternary name?”

A 
subspecies or variety name
(both are infraspecific names)
E.g., Toxicodendron radicans subsp. diversilobum
(diversilobum = subspecific epithet) 
Brickellia arguta var. odontolepis
(odontolepis = varietal epithet)
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19
Q

What is of higher rank, subspecies or variety?

A

subspecies are higher than variety, but technically equivalent. Within a specific group, it’s good to use only variety or subspecies, but not both.

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20
Q

Who gets authorship for naming new species?

A

the name of the person who first validly published the name

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21
Q

What are 4 ways to learn scientific names?

A

1) Syllabize and accent.
2) Use mnemonic devices.
3) Learn the etymology (meaning).
4) Practice and review: oral and written recitation.

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22
Q

What is a nomenclature type?

A

Herbarium specimen (usu.) permanently associated with a name; Holotype - primary specimen upon which a name is based, designated at the time of publication.

Isotype - duplicate of the holotype, collected at the same time by the same person from the same place.

Lectotype - selected from the original material to serve as the type when holotype not available.

Neotype - specimen derived from a non-original collection that is selected to serve as the type.

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23
Q

Holotype

A

primary specimen upon which a name is based, designated at the time of publication

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24
Q

Isotype

A

duplicate of the holotype, collected at the same time by the same person from the same place

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25
Q

Lectotype

A

selected from the original material to serve as the type when holotype not available.

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26
Q

Neotype

A

specimen derived from a non-original collection that is selected to serve as the type

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27
Q

Taxa at which ranks have types?

A

Types exist for all ranks up to family

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28
Q

What is a priority of publication?

A

Name published first is the legitimate one

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29
Q

When and with what publication begin?

A

Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753(with exceptions)

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30
Q

Two reasons for name change?

A

1) Name contrary to the rules (illegitimate).

2) Additional research has changes definition and delimitation of a taxon.

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31
Q

What are the four major ways that names are changed?

A

United-brought together into one group
Divided-split into more than one group
Changed in position-transfer to new genus
Changed in rank-subspecies changed to rank of species

32
Q

What is a basionym?

A

The “name bearing” name. The original (possibly now rejected) name, part of which (the epithet) has been used in a new combination.

33
Q

Author(s) in parentheses?

A

Person(s) who named basionym. Retained!

34
Q

What is an autonym?

A

Automatically created name for infrafamilial, infrageneric, and infraspecific taxa.

Created when taxa are divided.

Assigned based on priority of publication.

Autonyms have no authors.

35
Q

What are the main criteria of valid publication? (5 things)

A

1) Name must be effectively published
= in a journal generally available to botanists

As of 1 Jan 2012:Electronic material published online in Portable Document Format (PDF) with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) will constitute effective publication

2) Name must be published in the correct form, properly Latinized with the correct rank ending.
3) Name must be published with a Latin description or diagnosis or with a reference to such. [Vernacular description typically included.]

As of 1 Jan 2012:A description or diagnosis may be in either Latin or English.

4) Rank must be indicated (e.g., “sp. nov.,” “subsp. nov.,” or “var. nov.”)
5) Nomenclatural type must be indicated (for genus and below).

36
Q

What is a synonym?

A

= a rejected name, by a particular author or authors.
Synonyms usu. indicated in brackets; e.g.,
Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Abrams [Rhus laurina Nutt.]

37
Q

Why are names/labels rejected?

A

1) because illegitimate.

2) because of taxonomic judgement.

38
Q

What are the two types of synonyms?

A

1) Homotypic (nomenclatural) – based on the same type specimen
1) Heterotypic (taxonomic) – based on a different type specimen

39
Q

What is a correct name?

A 
A legitimate (and therefore validly published) name that is accepted by a particular author or authors.  
Each taxon can have only one correct name.
40
Q

How can a name be legitimate but not correct?

A

There may be 2 (or more) alternative, legitimate names.

Only one of these can be correct (in any given work).

41
Q

What is a homonym?

A

= synonym identical to accepted, correct name.
E.g.: Eritrichium hispidum Philippi, 1860 [Eritrichium hispidum Buckley,1862]
E.g., Piptocalyx Bentham (Trimeniaceae), 1870 [Piptocalyx Torrey, 1874]

42
Q

What is a tautonym?

A

= binomial in which genus and specific epithets are identical in spelling.
Tautonyms are not permitted by the ICN!
E.g., Helianthus helianthus is a tautonym and illegitimate
Helianthus helianthoides is not a tautonym and would be permitted

43
Q

Abbreviations:

  1. “in”
  2. “ex”
  3. “x”
  4. “sp. nov.”
  5. “cf.”
A
  1. “in” = in the publication of
  2. “ex” = validly published by
  3. “x” = a hybrid
  4. “sp.nov.” = species novum
  5. “cf” = confer, meaning “compare”
44
Q

Can the same names exist in botanical and zoological codes?

A

Yes, because of the independence of Botanical Nomenclature. Examples include Morus being the name for the mulberry and a bird, the gannet; or Ficus the name of figs and a group of gastropods.
**This is retroactivity of the ICN

45
Q

What is remodeling? Does it require a name change?

A

Remodeling is a change in diagnostic characteristics, those that distinguish the taxon from other taxa. A name change is not warranted, and the rules of the ICN need not apply.

46
Q

What is a basionym?

A

A name-bringing or epithet-bringing synonym, the original (but now not accepted) name, part of which has been used in a new combination.

47
Q

What does it mean if an author’s name is in parentheses, e.g., Machaeranthera juncea (Greene) Hartman?

A

The name of the author(s) who originally named the basionym is/are put in parentheses if the name is retained. E.g., Greene originally authored a name including juncea in this case.

48
Q

You decide that the taxon Xiphidium coeruleum Aublet should be transferred in position to the genus Schiekia. What is the required new name (including authorship)? What if the new name had already been validly published?

A

Schiekia coeruleum (Aublet) Your Name.
If already published a new name must be created and published. No authorship in parentheses would be used:
E.g., Schekia newname Your Name.

49
Q

You decide that the taxon Quercus albiniana (C. Jones) G. Smith subsp. tomentosa H. Carlisle should be elevated to the rank of species. What is the new name to be called (including authorship)?

A

Quercus tomentosa (H. Carlisle) Your Name.

50
Q

What is an autonym? Give an example of an autonym at the rank of subfamily, subgenus, or subspecies.

A

An autonym is the automatically generated name given to infrataxa like subfamilies, tribes sub-tribes, subgenera, sections, infraspecies when the higher taxon is divided. Autonyms are based on the higher taxon name and have no authorship.
E.g., subfamily Euphorbioideae of the Euphorbiaceae.
E.g., subgenus Ceanothus of the genus Ceanothus.
E.g., subspecies L. stipularis (Benth.) E. Greene var. stipularis.

51
Q
  1. What are the main criteria of a validly published name?
A

Name must be effectively published. (As of Jan. 1 2012, this can include electronic material published as a PDF, as long as it has an ISBN or ISSN number).
It must be published in correct form, Latinized with rank indicated.
It must be accompanied by a Latin description or diagnosis or with a reference to such. (As of Jan 1 2012, a diagnosis or description in English may be substituted for Latin.)
A type must be indicated. For taxa of rank of genus or below, a nomenclatural type refers to a species and must be indicated.
Rank must be indicated, e.g., sp. nov., subsp. nov., var. nov., gen. nov.

52
Q

What is a protologue?

A

“Everything associated with a name at its valid publication, i.e., description or diagnosis, illustrations, references, synonymy, geographical data, citation of specimens, discussion, and comments.”

53
Q

What is a synonym?

A

A synonym is an unaccepted, rejected name, by a particular author or authors, applying to the same taxon as the accepted name.

54
Q

What are the two major reasons a name may be rejected?

A

Synonyms are unaccepted for either of two reasons: (1) because they are illegitimate, i.e., contrary to the rules of the ICN; or (2) because of taxonomic judgment, i.e., a particular author rejects the classification represented by the synonym.

55
Q

How can a name be legitimate yet not be correct?

A

A correct name is a validly published, legitimate name that is adopted by a particular author or authors. A particular name may be legitimate and validly published, but not be correct if it is not adopted by author(s), e.g., based on taxonomic judgement.

56
Q

What can you infer from: Malacothrix incana (Nutt.) T. & G. [Malacomeris i. Nutt.] ?

A

T. & G. transferred the species Malacomeris incana in position, to the genus Malacothrix. The name in brackets is a homotypic synonym.

57
Q

What can you infer from: Porophyllum gracile Benth. [P. caesium Greene; P. vaseyi Greene]?

A

Porophyllum caesium Greene and Porophyllum vaseyi Greene are synonyms of and considered to be the same taxon as Porophyllum gracile.

58
Q

What can you infer from: Gilia diegensis (Munz) A. & V. Grant [G. inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. diegensis Munz] ?

A

A. & V. Grant elevated the variety Gilia inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. diegensis Munz to the rank of species.

59
Q

What is a homonym? Is a later homonym legitimate or illegitimate?

A

One of two or more identical names that are based on different type specimens. The later homonym is illegitimate.

60
Q

What is a tautonym? Are tautonyms acceptable in (a) botanical nomenclature; (b) zoological nomenclature?

A

a) A binomial in which the genus name and specific epithet are identical in spelling.
b) Acceptable in zoological, but not botanical nomenclature.

61
Q

What is meant by “in” in authorship designations? How may such a designation be simplified?

A

“In” refers to a name published within a larger work authored by the person following the “in.”

The “in” and what follows it may be omitted from authorship.

62
Q

What is meant by “ex” in authorship designations? How may such a designation be simplified?

A

“Ex” means validly published by, followed by the person who validly published the name. The name preceding the “ex” is, e.g., the person who first proposed but did not validly publish the name.
“Ex” and what precedes it may be omitted from authorship.

63
Q

What is the meaning of an “X” in a scientific name, as in Quercus Xmorehus?

A

It is a hybrid, of hybrid origin.

64
Q

What is the meaning (a). s.l.? (b). s.s.?

A

(a) . s.l. (sensu lato) means “in the broad sense.”

(b) s.s. or s.str. (sensu stricto) means “in the narrow sense.”

65
Q

How does the fact that a plant and a bird have the same scientific name not violate the principles of the ICN?

A

A principle of the ICN is that botanical and zoological nomenclature are independent.

66
Q

What is the name (and abbreviation) of the work that provides the rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature? What groups of organisms are covered by this reference? What organisms are not?

A

As of 2011 (Melbourne code) it is called The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (abbreviated ICN). The ICN covers land plants, “algae,” and fungi as well as extinct organisms including Cyanobacteria, chytrids, oomycetes and slime molds, photosynthetic protists, and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups. A supplementary code is utilized for cultivated plants, the “International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.”

67
Q

What is meant by a scientific name? Give three examples.

A

Scientific names are formal, universally accepted names, the rules and regulations of which for plants are provided by the ICN. Examples: Cryptantha dumetorum; Haemodoraceae; Malacothamnus.

68
Q

What is the correct form of a binomial?

A

The first name of the binomial is the genus name and is always capitalized. The second name of the binomial is the specific epithet. Binomial species names are always either italicized or underlined.

69
Q

What are common names?

A

Common names are names generally used by people within a limited geographic region that is not formally published and not governed by any rules.

70
Q

Name the reasons scientific names are advantageous over common names.

A

Common names vary from region to region, they are not consistent, they give no information about the rank or classification of a plant and many organisms do not have a common name thus only a scientific names can be used to refer to these organisms.

71
Q

What is the difference between rank and position?

A

Rank is one of the hierarchical taxonomic categories, in which a higher rank is inclusive of all lower ranks.
Position refers to the placement of a taxon as a member of another taxon of the next higher rank.

72
Q

What is the rank of the following:

(a) Conostylidoideae;
(b) Flacourtiaceae;
(e) Linnaea borealis var. longiflora;
(h) Rosales;
(i) Tribonanthes;
(j) Tribonanthes variegata;
(k) Phlebocarya ciliata subsp. pilosissima?

A

a. subfamily
b. family
e. variety
h. order
i. genus
j. species
k. subspecies

73
Q

What does the author of a scientific name refer to?

A

The author of a scientific name is the name of the person who first validly published the name.

74
Q

What is the nomenclatural type of a family name?

A

A nomenclatural type is a specimen that acts as a reference for a scientific name of the genus, upon with the family name is based.

75
Q

What is an adverse consequence of priority of publication?

A

Scientific names that are well known and frequently used may be replaced by some other name if the latter was discovered to have been published earlier.

76
Q

What is conservation of names and how is this accomplished?

A

A petition may be presented and voted upon to conserve one name over another that actually has priority.

77
Q

Give the four major ways that names are changed and give an example of each.

A

One taxon may be divided into two or more taxa: Carduus of the family Asteraceae is often split into two genera: Carduus, having barbellate pappus and Cirsium, with a plumose pappus bristle.
Two or more separate taxa may be united: Bebbia juncea and Bebbia aspera considered as one: Bebbia junca.
A taxon may be transferred in position: Rhus laurina was transferred in position to the genus Malosma, the new name Malosma laurina.
A taxon may be changed in rank: e.g., Eruca sativa was changed to the rank of subspecies, the new combination Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa.

Taxonomy of California Plants (13 decks)

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