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Bology > Taxonomy and DNA > Flashcards

Taxonomy and DNA Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Kingdom (5)

A

Animalia (animals) , plantae ( plant) , fungi (funga) , Protista( single cell) , monera ( bacteria)

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2
Q

Phylum

A

Several related classes of organisms are grouped into the same phylum

Ex. Chordata

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3
Q

Class

A

Several related orders are grouped into the same class

Ex. Mammalia

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4
Q

Order

A

Serval related families are grouped into the same order

Ex. Primates

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5
Q

Family

A

Contains groups of genera that share many common characteristics

Ex. Hominidae

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6
Q

Genus

A

Contains species that share many features but cannot successfully interbreed

Ex.homo

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7
Q

Species

A

A population of organisms that share similar characteristics and that succes’s fully interbreed with one another under natural conditions

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8
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Organisms based on this system
bi- two , nomen - name

He is species - first letter always
Capital and first letter for species name always lower case. Both names aw italicizes.

Commonlongage that is universally by biologists to avoid confusion

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9
Q

Criteria for classification into kingdoms

A
  1. Cell type
  2. Number of cells
  3. Mode of nutrition
  4. Reproductive strategies
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10
Q

Cell type

A

A - eukaryotic

B- prokaryotic

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11
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cells containing a nucleus and membrane bound organelles such as mitchondria or endoplasmic reticulum

Ex. Human cheek cells

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12
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cells that do not possess a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Ex. Escherichia coli bacteria

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13
Q

Number of cells

A

A- unicellular

B- multicellular

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14
Q

Unicellular

A

Consisting of one cell

Ex. Amoeba

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15
Q

Multicellular

A

Consisting of 2 or more cells

Ex. Sunflowers

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16
Q

Mode of nutrition

A

A- autotrophic
I) photosynthetic
II) chemosynthetic

B- heterotrophic
I) parasites
II) saprophytes

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17
Q

Autotrophic

A

Organisms capable of synthesizing their own food. Autotrophs can be further classified into two subgroups:

  • photosynthetic
  • chemsynthetic
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18
Q

Photosynthetic

A

Organisms that are able to convert the energy of light into the chemical energy of sugar

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19
Q

Chemosynthetic

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A

Organisms that are able to break down inorganic molecules to obtain energy

Ex. Lichens

20
Q

Heterotrophic

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A
  • organisms that most obtain nutrients from sources outside of their bodies
  • can also be Broken down into smaller categories: parasites + saprophytes
21
Q

Parasites

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A

Organisms that live in or on the body of a host causing it harm

Ex. Tapeworms

22
Q

Saprophytes

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A

Organisms that grow on decomposing or decaying matter and absorb the organic nutrients as food

Ex. Molds

23
Q

Reproductive strategies

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A
  • sexual

- asexual

24
Q

Sexual

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A

The production of offspring that are not genetically identical to one another.
Meiosis is involved in the creation of haploid gametes ( sperm and eggs). Sexual reproduction may involve:
I) external fertilization ex. Fish
Or II) internal fertilization ex. Mammals

25
Asexual
The production of offspring identical to each other and to the parent through the process of mitosis Ex. Budding, vegetative reproduction, fragmentation
26
Protista charactertics
- eukaryotic - unicellular - varied nutrition - autotrophic / photosynthesis - heterotrophic/ ingestion - both are asexual and sexual
27
Animalia charactertics
- eukaryotic - heterotrophic / ingestion - sexual repoud ( some could do) + asexual product - multicellular Ex. Sea stars
28
Taxonomy
Is a process of naming organisms and assigning them to groups - similarities between organisms - organizing
29
DNA
- Deoxyribose nuclic acid - chemical code that stores all the gem hoc instructions for an organisms.these instructions are responsible for directing all life functions including cell growth, differentiation, division and repair
30
James Watson and Francis crick
Received the noble prize in 1958 for | Determining the basic structure of DNA: twisted ladder
31
Mnemonic can be used to remember the basic facts about DNA | * also the basic structure of DNA
``` Some - sugar People's - phosphate group Bodies - bases Have - helix Sexy - strands Legs. - locomotion ```
32
Sugar
Is a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose
33
Phosphate group
This group is a negatively charged chemical compound that alternates with sugar to create the sides of the DNA ladder
34
Bases
A-T C-G 1. Purines - double. Ring bases - include Adenine + guanie 2. Pyridines - single ring bases - includes cytosine and thymine - each rung made from purine bonded to a pryrimidines
35
Helix
DNA is a right handed double standard helix
36
Strands
2 strands of nucleotides. A nucleotides is made up of one base, one sugar, and one phosphate group chemically bounded together
37
Location
- DNA is found in our chromosomes | - the chromosomes are stored inside the nuclie of our cells
38
DNA replication
Before a cell can divide, all of the DNA must be duplicated. This process of duplication is called DNA Replication
39
Template
Each strand of DNA as a template. It can produce a reverse image; a complementary copy. Each new strand of DNA produced has a sequence of bases exactly complementary to the template
40
Semi conservative
Each strand of DNA produced contains one old parent strand and one new daughter strand This replication is said to be called semi conservative
41
Sequence of events in DNA replication
1. Unwinding and unzipping 3. Complimentary base paring 3. Nucleotide bonding
42
Unwinding and unzipping
DNA unwinds The hydrogen bonds between the bases break The double helix unzips exposing the bases DNA helicopter is the enzyme responsible for this step
43
Complimentary base paring
- free floating nucleotides more on and pair up with bases of each template - DNA polymerase enzyme ensures complimentary base pairing
44
Nucleotide bonding
Sugar- phosphate bonds form between adjacent nucleotide of the new strand DNA Ligose enzyme joins the nucleotides together The new molecules wind back into a double helix
45
Monera
``` Cell wall Heterotrophic/ ingestion Autotrophic/ photosynthetic Prokaryotic Unicellular Asexual( binary fission ) Sexual ( conjugation ) ```
46
Plantae
``` Multicellular Autotrophic / photosynthetic Sexual and asexual Eukaryotic Cell wall that contains cellulose ```
47
Fungi
``` Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic: soporphytes Sexual and asexual Call wall does not contain cellulose not chitin ```

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