Taxonomy and DNA Flashcards
Kingdom (5)
Animalia (animals) , plantae ( plant) , fungi (funga) , Protista( single cell) , monera ( bacteria)
Phylum
Several related classes of organisms are grouped into the same phylum
Ex. Chordata
Class
Several related orders are grouped into the same class
Ex. Mammalia
Order
Serval related families are grouped into the same order
Ex. Primates
Family
Contains groups of genera that share many common characteristics
Ex. Hominidae
Genus
Contains species that share many features but cannot successfully interbreed
Ex.homo
Species
A population of organisms that share similar characteristics and that succes’s fully interbreed with one another under natural conditions
Binomial nomenclature
Organisms based on this system
bi- two , nomen - name
He is species - first letter always
Capital and first letter for species name always lower case. Both names aw italicizes.
Commonlongage that is universally by biologists to avoid confusion
Criteria for classification into kingdoms
- Cell type
- Number of cells
- Mode of nutrition
- Reproductive strategies
Cell type
A - eukaryotic
B- prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cells containing a nucleus and membrane bound organelles such as mitchondria or endoplasmic reticulum
Ex. Human cheek cells
Prokaryotic
Cells that do not possess a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Ex. Escherichia coli bacteria
Number of cells
A- unicellular
B- multicellular
Unicellular
Consisting of one cell
Ex. Amoeba
Multicellular
Consisting of 2 or more cells
Ex. Sunflowers
Mode of nutrition
A- autotrophic
I) photosynthetic
II) chemosynthetic
B- heterotrophic
I) parasites
II) saprophytes
Autotrophic
Organisms capable of synthesizing their own food. Autotrophs can be further classified into two subgroups:
- photosynthetic
- chemsynthetic
Photosynthetic
Organisms that are able to convert the energy of light into the chemical energy of sugar
Chemosynthetic
Organisms that are able to break down inorganic molecules to obtain energy
Ex. Lichens
Heterotrophic
- organisms that most obtain nutrients from sources outside of their bodies
- can also be Broken down into smaller categories: parasites + saprophytes
Parasites
Organisms that live in or on the body of a host causing it harm
Ex. Tapeworms
Saprophytes
Organisms that grow on decomposing or decaying matter and absorb the organic nutrients as food
Ex. Molds
Reproductive strategies
- sexual
- asexual
Sexual
The production of offspring that are not genetically identical to one another.
Meiosis is involved in the creation of haploid gametes ( sperm and eggs). Sexual reproduction may involve:
I) external fertilization ex. Fish
Or II) internal fertilization ex. Mammals
Asexual
The production of offspring identical to each other and to the parent through the process of mitosis
Ex. Budding, vegetative reproduction, fragmentation
Protista charactertics
- eukaryotic
- unicellular
- varied nutrition
- autotrophic / photosynthesis
- heterotrophic/ ingestion
- both are asexual and sexual
Animalia charactertics
- eukaryotic
- heterotrophic / ingestion
- sexual repoud ( some could do) + asexual product
- multicellular
Ex. Sea stars
Taxonomy
Is a process of naming organisms and assigning them to groups
- similarities between organisms
- organizing
DNA
- Deoxyribose nuclic acid
- chemical code that stores all the gem hoc instructions for an organisms.these instructions are responsible for directing all life functions including cell growth, differentiation, division and repair
James Watson and Francis crick
Received the noble prize in 1958 for
Determining the basic structure of DNA: twisted ladder
Mnemonic can be used to remember the basic facts about DNA
* also the basic structure of DNA
Some - sugar People's - phosphate group Bodies - bases Have - helix Sexy - strands Legs. - locomotion
Sugar
Is a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose
Phosphate group
This group is a negatively charged chemical compound that alternates with sugar to create the sides of the DNA ladder
Bases
A-T C-G
- Purines - double. Ring bases
- include Adenine + guanie - Pyridines - single ring bases
- includes cytosine and thymine- each rung made from purine bonded to a pryrimidines
Helix
DNA is a right handed double standard helix
Strands
2 strands of nucleotides. A nucleotides is made up of one base, one sugar, and one phosphate group chemically bounded together
Location
- DNA is found in our chromosomes
- the chromosomes are stored inside the nuclie of our cells
DNA replication
Before a cell can divide, all of the DNA must be duplicated.
This process of duplication is called DNA Replication
Template
Each strand of DNA as a template. It can produce a reverse image; a complementary copy. Each new strand of DNA produced has a sequence of bases exactly complementary to the template
Semi conservative
Each strand of DNA produced contains one old parent strand and one new daughter strand
This replication is said to be called semi conservative
Sequence of events in DNA replication
- Unwinding and unzipping
- Complimentary base paring
- Nucleotide bonding
Unwinding and unzipping
DNA unwinds
The hydrogen bonds between the bases break
The double helix unzips exposing the bases
DNA helicopter is the enzyme responsible for this step
Complimentary base paring
- free floating nucleotides more on and pair up with bases of each template
- DNA polymerase enzyme ensures complimentary base pairing
Nucleotide bonding
Sugar- phosphate bonds form between adjacent nucleotide of the new strand
DNA Ligose enzyme joins the nucleotides together
The new molecules wind back into a double helix
Monera
Cell wall Heterotrophic/ ingestion Autotrophic/ photosynthetic Prokaryotic Unicellular Asexual( binary fission ) Sexual ( conjugation )
Plantae
Multicellular Autotrophic / photosynthetic Sexual and asexual Eukaryotic Cell wall that contains cellulose
Fungi
Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic: soporphytes Sexual and asexual Call wall does not contain cellulose not chitin
