Task H - Human Factors Flashcards
What does Hypoxia mean?
Means “reduced oxygen” or “not enough oxygen”.
What are the four types of Hypoxia?
-Hypoxic hypoxia
-Hypemic Hypoxia
-Stagnant Hypoxia
-Histotoxic Hypoxia
What is Hypoxic Hypoxia?
Insufficient oxygen to the body as a whole. Most common during flight, because of reduced oxygen at higher altitudes.
What is Hypemic Hypoxia?
“Not enough blood” .. Oxygen deficiency in the blood. The most common is for CO poisoning or donating blood.
What is Stagnant Hypoxia?
“Not flowing” blood is not flowing correctly. Can occur during flight with an acceleration of G’s.
What is Histotoxic Hypoxia?
The inability of the cells to use oxygen. Histro refers to tissue or cells and toxic means poisonous. Can be caused by alcohol or narcotics. Researchers show one ounce of alcohol is equivalent to 2,000 feet of physiological altitude.
What are the corrective actions for Hypoxia?
- Oxygen mask
- Emergency descent
Name some symptoms of Hypoxia
- Blue fingernails and lips
- Headache
- Decrease response & reaction time
- Impaired judgment
- Visual impairment
- Drowsiness
- Lightheaded or dizzy
- Numbness
- Tingling in fingers & toes
- Euphoria
What is Hyperventilation?
- Excessive breathing rate which results in abnormal loss of carbon dioxide
What are the symptoms of Hyperventilation?
- the same as hypoxia
- hot & cold sensations
- muscle spams.
What are the corrective actions for Hyperventilation?
- breathe into a bag
- Breathe normal
- Speak aloud
What happens to the gases in the sinus and middle ear during climbs and descents?
during climbs and descents, the gases present in the body cavities expand due to a difference between the pressure of the air outside the body and the air inside the body.
What causes motion sickness?
Motion sickness or airsickness is caused by the brain receiving conflicting messages about the state of the body.
What are the symptoms of motion sickness?
- General discomfort
- Naseau
- Dizziness
- Paleness
- Sweating
- Vomiting
What is Spatial Disorientation?
Spatial disorientation refers to the lack of orientation concerning the position, altitude, or movement in space.
What are the three systems the body uses to help with orientation?
- Vestibular System: organs found in the inner ear, that sense position by the way we are balanced
- Somatosensory System: nerves in the skin, muscles & joints that along with hearing sense position based on gravity, feeling & sound
- Visual system: Eyes which sense position based on what is seen.
What are the corrective actions for motion sickness?
- Avoid excessive head movement
- Open fresh air vents
- Focus on objects outside the airplane
What can cause carbon monoxide poisoning in the Archer?
Aircraft heaters & defrost vents may provide a passage way for carbon monoxide to get into the cabin if the engine exhaust system has a leak or is damaged.
Can you smell carbon monoxide?
No, it is colorless and odorless.
What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Blurred vision
- Drowsiness
- Loss of muscle power
What are the corrective actions for carbon monoxide poisoning?
- Turn off heat & defrost
- Open fresh air vents and window
- Using supplemental oxygen if available
What is stress?
Bodies response to physical and psychological demands placed upon it
What are the two categories of stress?
Acute (Short term)
Chronic (long term)
What are some effects of fatigue?
-Effects of fatigue include reduction of attention and concentration, impaired coordination, and decreased ability to communicate.
-Physical fatigue results in stress and prolonged performance of cognitive work results in mental fatigue.
What are two categories of fatigue?
Acute and Chronic
What are some symptoms of fatigue?
- Weakness
- Palpitations of the heart
- Breathlessness
- Headache, or irritability.
- Sometimes chronic fatigue even creates stomach or intestinal problems and generalizing aches and pains throughout the body, can lead to emotional illness.
What is the only way to prevent fatigue?
Getting adequate rest & proper diet is the only way to prevent fatigue from occurring.
What is dehydration?
Dehydration is a critical loss of water in the body
What are some symptoms of dehydration?
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Cramps
- Dizziness
How do you prevent dehydration?
Drink 2-4 quarts every 24 hours.
What is the optical illusion associated with a narrow runway?
- illusion: the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is
- results: the pilot will fly a lower-than-normal approach
What is the optical illusion associated with a wider runway?
- illusion: The aircraft is at a lower altitude than it actually is
- results: the pilot will fly a higher-than-normal approach
What is the optical illusion associated with an upsloping runway?
- illusion: the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is
- results: the pilot will fly a lower-than-normal approach
What is the optical illusion associated with a downsloping runway?
- illusion: The aircraft is at a lower altitude than it actually is
- results: the pilot will fly a higher-than-normal approach
What is the optical illusion associated with featureless terrain?
- An absence of surrounding ground features, over a water approach & over darkened areas or terrain made featureless by snow.
- illusion: the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is
- results: the pilot will fly a lower-than-normal approach
What is the optical illusion associated with water refraction?
Rain on the windscreen, causes the horizon to appear lower than it is.
- illusion: The aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is
- results: the pilot will fly a lower-than-normal approach
What is the optical illusion associated with haze?
- illusion: The aircraft is at a greater distance and height from the runway
- results: the pilot will fly a lower-than-normal approach
What is the optical illusion associated with fog?
- illusion: The aircraft is pitching up
- results: steepen the approach
What is the optical illusion associated with ground lighting?
- Lights along a straight path can be mistaken for runways or approach lights
- Bright runway lights or approaching lighting system especially when lights around the surrounding area create the illusion of less distance to the runway, which results in a higher-than-normal approach.
What is the most common symptom of decompression sickness?
Joint pain, otherwise called “the bends”
What is the recommended wait time for a pilot/passenger who intends to fly after scuba diving?
- The recommended wait time before going up to 8,000 ft MSL is 12 hours. (not controlled ascent) if you did do a controlled ascent you should wait 24 hours.
- The recommended wait time before going beyond 8,000 ft MSL is 24 hours.
What are the corrective actions for decompression sickness?
- Oxygen mask on, regulator to 100%
- Emergency descent
- Try not to move where areas of pain may be
- Seek medical attention
What are the 5 hazardous attitudes?
-Anti-authority
-Impulsivity
-Invulnerability
-Macho
-Resignation
What is the thought and antidote for Anti-authority?
- What is it: Don’t tell me!
- Antidote: follow the rules, they are usually right
What is the thought and antidote for Impulsivity?
- What is it: Do it quickly
- Antidote: Not so fast think first
What is the thought and antidote for Invulnerability?
- What is it: It won’t happen to me
- Antidote: It could happen to me
What is the thought and antidote for Macho?
- What is it: I can do it
- Antidote: Taking chances is foolish
What is the thought and antidote for Resignation?
- What is it: Whats the use
- Antidote: I’m not helpless, I can make a difference
What are the oxygen requirements between 12,500 and 14,000?
Flight crew have and use supplemental oxygen after 30
minutes.
What are the oxygen requirements above 14,000?
Oxygen is required immediately upon exposure for flight crew
What are the oxygen requirements above 15,000?
Every aircraft occupant must have supplemental oxygen.
