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Complex Cognition > Task 9 - Language > Flashcards

Task 9 - Language Flashcards

1
Q

(Sapir-) Whorfian Hypothesis

A

also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, refers to the proposal that the particular language one speaks influences the way one thinks about reality

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2
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

the ways in which speakers of any given language think are influenced by the language they speak

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3
Q

Strong position

A

differences in language inevitably cause differences in thought (= unable to think about a topic if we don’t have the relevant words available to us) –> not supported

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4
Q

Intermediate position

A

language influences certain aspects of cognition such as perception & memory (= language causes preferences but these can be easily eliminated if not useful) –> supported

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5
Q

Language causes a tendency for people to attend to, perceive & remember information in certain ways

A
  • Colour categorisation affected by language
  • Odour: less olfaction words in Americans = less able to describe odours as compared to other cultures
  • Spatial perception: absolute terms of space in Guugu whatever people vs. relative directions (more recent) of Europeans
  • Also connected to time
  • Perception of Agency: Spanish vs. English for intentional (= both agentive) vs. unintentional acts (= Spanish non-agentive description)
  • Agentive description = better memory, non-agentive to avoid blame
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6
Q

Pragmatic Model

A

three stages of processing metaphorical & other figurative statements

  1. asses literal meaning
  2. decide whether it makes sense in the current context
  3. if it is inadequate, search for suitable non-literal meaning

Unsupported: predicts that metaphorical meanings are assessed more slowly than literal ones which is not the case

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7
Q

Predication Model

A

Metaphor understanding consists of 2 components

  1. Latent semantic analysis component
  2. Construction-integration component

support: non-reversibility metaphor - e.g. my surgeon is a butcher ≠ my butcher is a surgeon

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8
Q
  1. Latent semantic analysis component
A

represents meanings of words based on their relations with other words

  • Non-directional process of finding common meanings
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9
Q
  1. Construction-integration component
A

use info from first step to construct interpretations of statements –> find relevant features (e.g. lawyers are sharks –> aggressive is relevant but not fins or swimming so inhibited)

  • Directional process from argument (e.g. lawyer) being projected to predicate (e.g. sharks)
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10
Q

Common ground

A
  • shared knowledge & beliefs possessed by a speaker & a listener that facilitates communication
  • Major goal of conversation: increasing & extending common ground
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11
Q

Egocentric Heuristic

A
  • strategy used by listeners in which they interpret what they hear based on their own knowledge rather than based on common ground
  • Use this effortless heuristic rather than the effortful way of figuring out the knowledge existing on common ground
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12
Q

Discourse

A

speech or written speech at least several sentences long

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13
Q

The main differences between single sentences and those within discourse

A
  1. single sentences are much more likely to be ambiguous

2. discourse processing typically involved drawing inferences to make sense of what we are listening to or reading

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14
Q

Three main types of inferences

A
  1. logical inferences
  2. bridging inferences
  3. elaborative inferences
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15
Q
  1. Logical inferences
A

depend only on the meaning of words

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16
Q
  1. Bridging inferences
A

establish coherence between the current part of the text and the preceding text, and so are also known as backward inferences

  • anaphor resolution (pronoun/noun has to be linked to previous one)
  • causal inferences (work out causal relationships between sentences)
17
Q
  1. Elaborative inferences
A

embellish or add details to the text by using world knowledge to expand on the information it contains
– Forward inferences are an important type of elaborative inference that involves anticipating the future

18
Q

Constructivist approach

A

readers construct mental models of witch & events described

19
Q

Minimalist Hypothesis

A

Inferences are either automatic (only a few!) or strategic (= goal directed)

20
Q

Theoretical Approaches

A
  • schema theory
  • construction integration model
  • event-index model
  • event segmentation theory
21
Q

Schema theory

A

an organised mental representation of information / a cluster of inter-related concepts that tell us about how things function in the world

  • Schemas contain much of the information we need to understand what we heard & read and allow us to form expectations
  • 3 types of error:
    • rationalisation: error in story recall that conform to one’s cultural expectations (either schematic distorts comprehension or retrieval processes
    • levelling: omitting unfamiliar details from recall
  • – sharpening: selecting certain details for embellishment

support:
The later the recall the more they wrongly believed that a sentence about Jews was part of the Hitler story they were given to remember  tend to remember things that weren’t there just because they’re schema consistent

22
Q

Construction-integration model

A
  1. Turn sentences in text into propositions representing its meaning
  2. Constructed propositions are stored briefly together with associatively related propositions (inferences
  3. Integration process: Spreading activation process selects propositions for the text representation (context involved to weed out irrelevant propositions  top-down!)
  4. 3 levels of representations are constructed
23
Q

Event-index model

A

about narrative rather than expository texts

- Monitor five aspects of a story to see whether their situation-model needs updating

24
Q

Event segmentation theory

A

Updating of a situation model can take 2 main forms:

  • – 1. Incremental updating of individual dimensions (as said in EIM)  “brick by brick”
  • – 2. Global updating in which the whole model is replaced  “from scratch
  • Continuous actions are segmented into events (supported: within event memory better than across event memory)
25
Q

Limitations - Schema theory

A
  • Disagreements about definitions of schemas & what exact info they contain
  • Only re-description of data – no evidence of actual activation of schemas (no independent evidence for their existence) so hard to test
  • Not sure when exactly & how a given schema is activated
  • Exaggerate how error prone we are
  • Schemas often actually affect comprehension processes
26
Q

Five aspects of a story to see whether their situation-model needs updating
(Event-Index Model)

A
  1. Protagonist in present event compared to previous one
  2. Temporality: relationship between the times at which the present and the previous event occurred
  3. Causality: causal relationship of current event to previous one
  4. Spatiality: relationship between spatial settings
  5. Intentionality: relationship between characters goals and present event
  • Discontinuity in any of those aspects leads to more processing effort
  • Are monitored independently thus processing effort greater when more than one is outdated (supported)
27
Q

When outdated information is updated

Event-Index Model

A
  • Here-and-now view (EIM): most current info is more available than outdated one
  • Resonance view: new info in a text resonates with all text-related info stored in memory thus outdated info can influence comprehension process
28
Q

Other factors

A
  • foreign-language effect
  • bilingualism
    (- culture differences)
29
Q

Foreign-language effect

A
  • tendency to avoid biases
  • – E.g. reduced tendency toward loss aversion, framing effect
  • shapes moral judgement
  • Heightened utilitarianism - encourages deliberate thinking of system 2 (increased feelings of processing difficulty promotes greater analytic thinking) = think more (nope…)
  • Blunted deontology account stunts emotional/ heuristic processing characteristic of system 1 –> more systematic = feel less
30
Q

Bilingualism

A
  • Smaller vocabulary but better cognitive control
  • Language switching activates DLPFC which is responsible for managing attention to language
  • Need to manage two jointly activated languages leads to enhancement of control mechanisms with the consequence that other types of cognitive control are also enhanced
  • Mentally more flexible (= able to adapt to ongoing changes and process info efficiently & adaptively)
  • – Better inhibition (inference suppression (bivalent stimulus) not response inhibition (several stimuli)) & conflict monitoring
  • – Better selection of goal-relevant information
    • Better sustained attention
  • The more effortful any of these components become, the more likely the bilingual advantage is to emerge

Complex Cognition (8 decks)

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