Task 8 - Cooperation Flashcards
1
Q
Game theory
A
analysis of interaction between rational agents that share common knowledge of rules
- assumed common knowledge of rationality - assume rationality of other players
- people cooperate more often than game theory predicts
2
Q
Behavioural game theory
A
study of how people actually behave in interactive situations
3
Q
Prisoner’s Dilemma
A
- Joint defection = nash equilibrium – combination of strategies that cannot be improved upon, as long as the other player sticks to the strategy
- As there is only one equilibrium point (in other cases there can be more), mutual defection is seen as the dominant strategy
4
Q
Public Goods Game
A
- Best collectively rational strategy is to contribute
- Best individual strategy is not to contribute
5
Q
Dictator Game
A
- Two anonymous players are allotted a sum of money (= stake) in a one-shot interaction
- Player 1 decides how to divide the money between the two
- Player 2 receives allocation & game ends
- -> Purer measure of intrinsic motivation for equal offers
6
Q
Ultimatum Game
A
- Two anonymous players are allotted a sum of money (= stake) in a one-shot interaction
- Player 1 decides how to divide the money between the two
- Player 2 accepts/ rejects possible offers before hearing the actual offer
- If he/she doesn’t accept, no one gets anything
7
Q
Third-Party Punishment Game
A
- Two anonymous players are allotted a sum of money (= stake) in a one-shot interaction
- Player 1 decides how to divide the money between the two
- Player 2 has no choice
- Player 3 (gets additional 50% of stake), before hearing the actual offer, decides which offers to punish with what amount of money
- If punished, player 1 loses triple the amount payed by player 3
8
Q
Evolution of Cooperation
A
- nice rules: begin by cooperating - were played upon by nasty strategies
- nasty rules: begin by defecting - died out when there was no prey left
most successful strategy was tit-for-tat
support: fairness to anonymous others positively correlates with market integration and adherence to world religions
9
Q
Factors influencing extent of cooperation
A
- consideration of others
- empathy
- fear
- differences in values
- trust
- generosity
- communication
10
Q
Consideration of others
A
- Less cooperation when it was known that the other cooperated (went from 37% to 16%)
- Perspective taking reduces cooperation
- Thinking harder about a task reduces cooperation (more likely to behave fairly when less capacity for thinking)
11
Q
Empathy
A
- Critical for social functioning & promotes prosocial behaviour
- Empathic failures – cases in which individuals could feel empathy but don’t due to salient social & psychological factors
- Empathy alone may be insufficient to produce pro-social behaviour (esp. when parties differ in status/power)
- Interventions should promote equitable goals & norms in addition to empathy
12
Q
Fear
A
- Either of being taken for a sucker or of being punished for acting in self-interest
- Fear of defection leads to defection, fear of free-riders leads to free-riding
- once fear is removed people behave in a greedy fashion (greed has a stronger effect)
- revenge effects (punishment motivated by anger)
13
Q
Differences in Values
A
- People can be categorised according to their social value orientation
- – Prosocial – maximise joint gain & equality in outcomes (most upward, fewest downward counterfactuals more cooperation)
- – Individualist – maximise own gains (same number of each type)
- – Competitors – maximise relative gain (= difference between one’s own and the other’s outcome) (reversed pattern as compared to prosocial)
- Values can be learned
14
Q
Trust
A
- trust leads to increased cooperation
- More likely to trust people with good reputation
- Prisoner’s dilemma: more cooperation when play against the same person
- Emotions affect trust ratings of others (except for family members)
- – Anger = more trust, gratitude/happiness = less trust
15
Q
Generosity
A
- Noise – erroneous response –> when one cannot show trust to someone else due to circumstances they had no control over (e.g. car accident on the way to work
- Can be solved by adding generosity or forgiveness
