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Perception > Task 9 > Flashcards

Task 9 Flashcards

Speech perception

1
Q

Speech production

- process

A

air pushed out of lungs —> through trachea —> up to larynx

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2
Q

Speech production

- lungs, vocal tract, vocal folds

A
  • lungs: respiration
  • vocal tract: articulation
  • vocal folds: phonation
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3
Q

The acoustic signal

  • articulators
  • manner or articulation
  • place of articulation
A

The acoustic signal = patterns of pressure changes in the air produced by the position or movement of structures within the vocal apparatus

  • articulators = includes structures such as tongue, lips, teeth, jaw and soft palat —> shape of vocal tract altered by moving them
  • manner of articulation = how articulations interact when making a speech sound
  • place of articulation = locations of articulation
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4
Q

The acoustic signal

- vowels vs. consonants

A
  • vowels: produced by vibration of vocal cords; made with relatively open vocal tract (have frequencies)
  • consonants: produced by closing of vocal tract (do not have complex frequencies)
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5
Q

The acoustic signal

- formats

A

= frequencies at which peaks occur; produced by change of shape of vocal tract
- shown in sound spectrogram

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6
Q

The acoustic signal

  • formats
    • sound spectrogram
A
  • shows formats
  • y-axis: frequency
  • x-axis: time
  • darker areas = greater intensity
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7
Q

Units of speech

- phonemes

A

= shortest segment of speech that, if changed, would change the meaning of a word
- lack of invariance = no simple relationship between a particular phoneme and the acoustic signal

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8
Q

Variability of the speech signal

- speech characteristics

A
  • gender
  • accent
  • speed
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9
Q

Variability of the speech signal

- coarticulation

A

= overlap between articulation of neighboring phonemes —> phonemes can have different acoustic signals

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10
Q

Variability of the speech signal

- perceptual constancy

A

= perceive sound of a particular phoneme as constant even when the phoneme appears in different contexts that change its acoustic signal

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11
Q

Variability of the speech signal

  • perceptual constancy
    • categorical perception
A

categorical perception = occurs when stimuli that exist along a continuum are perceived as divided into discrete categories
- VOT (voice onset time) —> time delay between when a sound begins and when the vocal cords begin vibrating

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12
Q

Variability of the speech signal

  • perceptual constancy
    • audiovisual context —> McGurk effect —> motor theory
A
  • audiovisual speech perception = influence of vision on speech perception
  • McGurk effect: neural mechanism —> same areas activated for lip reading and speech perception (—> mirror neurons) —> shows motor theory
    • motor theory: speech sound activates motor movements
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13
Q

Variability of the speech signal

  • perceptual constancy
    • spectral contrast
A

?

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14
Q

Variability of the speech signal

  • perceptual constancy
    • ‚Yanny‘ vs ‚Laurel‘
A
  • differences because of:
    • priming —> if did not know, would not hear either
    • sound waves —> acoustic features of recordings similar
    • difference in frequencies —> ‚yanny‘: higher frequency; ‚laurel‘: lower frequency —> ‚yanny‘: younger ears
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15
Q

Variability of the speech signal

  • perceptual constancy
    • phoneme restoration
A
  • can be influenced by meaning of words following the missing phoneme
    • bottom-up processing
    • top-down processing: longer words increase likelihood of phonemic restoration effect
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16
Q

Speech in the brain

  • aphasia
    • Broca‘s aphasia
A
  • damage to Broca‘s area
  • symptoms:
    • speech slow and labored and often jumbled sentences structure
    • slow-labored, ungrammatical sentences
    • difficulty processing connecting words
    • problems in both producing nd understanding speech
    • problems in processing the structure of sentences
17
Q

Speech in the brain

  • aphasia
    • Wernicke‘s aphasia
A
  • damage to Wernicke‘s area
  • symptoms:
    • produce fluent and grammatically correct speech
    • but incoherent
    • meaningless speech
    • unable to understand speech and writing
  • most severe form: word deafness = cannot recognize words, even though the ability hear pure tones remains intact
18
Q

Speech in the brain

- dual-stream model of speech perception

A
  • dorsal pathway: may be involved in linking the acoustic signal to the movements used to produce speech
  • ventral pathway: recognizing speech
19
Q

Speech in the brain

  • auditory cortex
    • voice area
A
  • activates more for human voices than for other sounds
20
Q

Speech in the brain

  • auditory cortex
    • phoneme representations
A

?

Perception (9 decks)

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