Task 5

Question 1

Perceptual Orientation

• grouping
• segregation

Answer 1

• Grouping = process by which visual venents are “put together” into units or objects
• Segregation = process of separating one area or object from another

Question 2

Gestalt Approach to Percepual Grouping

• structuralism
• apparent movement
• illusory contours

Answer 2

• Structuralism = distinguished between sensations and perceptions
• Apparent movement = principle behind stroboscope; although movement is perceived, nothing is actually moving
• Illusory contours = seeing contours when there are actually none present

Question 3

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

- Good Continuation

Answer 3

= point that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path
- objects that are partially covered by other objects are seen as continuing behind the covering part

Question 4

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

- Prägnanz

Answer 4

= every stimulus pattern is seen in such as way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

Question 5

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

- Similarity

Answer 5

= similar things appear to be grouped together

Question 6

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

- Proximity

Answer 6

= things that are near each other appear to be grouped together

Question 7

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

- Common Fate

Answer 7

= things that are moving into the same direction appear to be grouped together

Question 8

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

- Common Region

Answer 8

= elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

Question 9

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

- Uniform Connectedness

Answer 9

= connected region of the same visual properties, such as lightness, color, texture, or motion, is perceived as a single unit

Question 10

Perceptual Segregation

- in general

Answer 10

= perceptual segregation of one object from another

Question 11

Perceptual Segregation

- figure and ground

Answer 11

Figure = separate object that stands out from its background; more likely to remeber 
Ground = background 
- Figure: 
   - more “thing-like” and memorable 
   - seen as being in front of ground 
   - border ownership 
- Ground: 
   - seen as unformed material near the borders shared with figure
   - seems to extend behind figure
   - lacks shape entirely

Question 12

Scenes and objects

Answer 12

objects: acted upon; scenes: acted within

Question 13

Perceiving the gist of a scene

Answer 13

gist of a scene = meaning fo a scene that can be recognized after only a fraction of a second

Question 14

Global image features

Answer 14

• degree of naturalness = natural scenes: undulating contours; man-made scenes: straight lines
• degree of openness = open scenes: visible horizen and few objects; low degree of openness (=forest): not
• degree of roughness = low roughness scenes (=ocean) few small elements; high roghness scenes (=forest) small and complex elements
• degree of expansion = high: convergence of parallel lines
• color: illustrates property of perception —> past experiences

Question 15

Regularities in the environment

- physical regularities

Answer 15

= regularly occurring physical properties of the environment
- light-from above assumption = assumtion that light is coming from above

Question 16

Regularities in the environment

- semantic regularities

Answer 16

= characteristics associated with activities that are common in different types of scenes

Question 17

Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference

Answer 17

= some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment
- likelihood principle = we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Question 18

Bayesian Inference

Answer 18

= idea that our perception is a combination of current stimulus and our knowledge about conditions of the world — what is and is not likely to occur

• two factors must be considered:
  (1) prior probability = likelihood of outcome we are proposing
  (2) consistency of hypothesis with each outcome

Question 19

PPA - Parahippocampal Place Area

Answer 19

• “place area” —> responds to pictures fo buildings, furnished rooms, and empty rooms
• definitely involved in perceiving space

Question 20

What pathway

Answer 20

• to temporal lobe

- object recognition

Question 21

Where pathway

Answer 21

• to parietal lobe

- processing information relating to location of objects in space and actions required to interact with them

Question 22

Perceptual Comittees

• low-level vision
• middle vision
• high-level vision

Answer 22

V1 — low-level vision = cells respond best to lines and edges in specific areas of visual field
V2 — middle-level vision = cells have sensitivity to border ownership and illusory contours
V4 — high-level vision = cells more interested in complex attributes

Question 23

Naive template theory

Answer 23

= proposal that visual system recognizes objects by matching the neural representation of the image, with a stored representation of the same ‘shape’ in the brain

Question 24

recognition-by-components model

Answer 24

= Biederman’s model of object recognition; holds that objects are recognized by identities and relationships of their component parts

• based on small unites - Geons = any of the ‘geometric ions’ out of which perceptual objects are built
  
  • like alphabet —> all kinds of combinations

Question 25

viewpoint invariance

Answer 25

(1) property of an object that does not change when observer viewpoint changes
(2) class of theories of object recognition that proposes representations of objects that do not change when viewpoint changes

Question 26

E-Reader 1 - Inside the Letterbox: How Literacy Transforms the Human Brain

Answer 26

• visual word form area = region in human brain that activates whenever we read

Question 27

E-Reader 2 - The Perception of Subjective Contours in Infants

Answer 27

• children of 3-4 months are able to extract subjective contours in both figures although the experiments cannot establish which underlying process was operating

Question 28

E-Reader 3 - Illusory Contours and Cortical Neuron Responses

Answer 28

• illusory contours evoke a response in area 18 of the visual cortex