Task 9

Question 1

Tumour (or neoplasm)

Answer 1

Mass of cells that frow independently of the rest of the body.

Question 2

Metastasis

Answer 2

The proccess by which cells break off from a tumour, travel through the vascular system, and grow elsewhere in the body.

Question 3

Diffrent types of tumors

Answer 3

Meningiomas: 20% of tumors we find in the human brain. Tumors that grow between the meninges, the three membranes that cover the central neural system.

Encapsulated tumors: All meningiomas are tumours that grow within their own membrane. They can influence the fucntion of the brain only by the pressure they exert on the surrounding tissue, usually benign tumors.

Beningn tumors: Tumours that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body.

Infiltrating tumors: Grow diffusely through the surrounding tissue, usually malignan tumors.

Malignant tumors:Difficult to remove or destroy completely, and any cancerous tissue that remains afterwards continues to regrow.

Gliomad: Brain tumours that develop from glial cells are infiltrating, rapidly growing and common.

Metastatic tumours: 10% of brain tumours dont originate n the brain. They grow from infiltrating cells that are carried to the brain by the bloodstream from some other part of the body. Usually originate as cancer of the lungs, really little possibility of recovery(it already attacked 2 or more sites).

Question 4

Strokes

Answer 4

Sudden onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brai damage. Symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected, but common consequences of a stroke are amnesia, aphasia(language difficulties),paralysis and coma.

Question 5

Infarct

Answer 5

Area of dead or dying tissue produced by a stroke, surrounded by te penumbra.

Question 6

Penumbra

Answer 6

Dysfunctional area, this tissue may recover or die in the ensuing days, depending on a variety of factors. The primary goal of treatment following a stroke is to save the penumbra.

Question 7

Different types of strokes

Aneurysms , congenital

thrombosis, embolism and arteriosclerosis

Answer 7

Cerebral haemorrhage: (haemorrhagic stroke) bleeding in the brain , occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it.
Aneurysm: Common cause of intracerebral haemorrhage, it is a pathological balloonlike dilation that forms the wall of an artery at the point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective. Aneurysms can occur at any part of the body, not just the brain ( even if those ones are the most complicated)
Congenital: Aneurysm present at birth
anaeurysms can result frolm exposure to vascular poisons or infections
Cerebral ischemia(isxhemic stroke) disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain thus insufficient blood flow to a tissue.
caused by:
Thrombosis: Blocks blood flow at the site of its formation
Embolism: Thrombus that has traveled from a larger vessel wheree the embolus was fromed to a smaller one.
Arteriosclerosis: he walls of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow (usually as the result of fat deposits, can bring to a blockage of the blood vessels).

Question 8

Closed head injuries

Answer 8

Contusions: Involve damage to the cerebrzl circulatory system
Hematoma: Localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue, a bruise.
Chronic traumatic encephalophaty(CTE): Is the dementia and cerebral scarring of boxers, football players and so on.
Traumatic brain injury: Affects the brain part damaged.

Question 9

Neurological diseases

Answer 9

Epilepsy

Autoimmune disorders

Degenerative disorders

Question 10

Symptoms of epilepsy

Answer 10

EPpileptic seizures: (not all the people who suffer from this are considered epileptic)
Focal seizures: Seizures that dont involve the entire brain, synchronous bursting of neurons that produces epileptic spiking in the EEG.
Generalized seizures: Seizure that invole the entire brain
Epileptic auras: psychological changes before a seizure

Question 11

Types of focal and generalized seizures

simple an dcomplex seizures

tonic chlonic + hypoxia

Answer 11

Focal seizures:
Simpe partial seizures: symptoms are primarly sensory or motor
Complex partial seizures: Restricted to temporal lobes, the patient experience automatic behaviors( do and undo a thing multiple times)
Convulsions: Seizures that involve tremors, rigidity and loss of balance and consciousness.
Generalized seizures:
Tonic-clonic seizures: Loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and convulsions involving tonus and clonus(sensory and motor).
Tonic phase: The first phase of a grand mal seizure, in which all of the patients skeletal muscles are contracted.
Clonic phase: The phase of a grand mal seizure in which the patient shows rhytmic jerking movements.
hypoxia: accomanies a tonic-chlonic phase and it is a shortage of oxygen supply to a tissue.
Absence seizure: There is no convulsions, disruption of consciousness and cessation of ongoing behavior

Question 12

Cuses of epilepsy

Answer 12

Almost everything, most common are faults at inhibitory synapses that caus many neurons in a particular area to fire i synchronous bursts.
Too little ihibition
Too much firing of neurons(excitation)

Question 13

Autoimmune disorders

Answer 13

Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune demyelinating disorder: A disorder i which the bodys immune system attacks part of the body as if it were a foreign substance. It breaks down myelin (destroys neurons)

Question 14

Symptoms of autoiimune disorders:

Answer 14

symtpoms: attack of myelin of axons in the CNS, usually in early adulthood
Depens on the number, size and posiition of sclerotic lesions
visual distrubances
muscular weakness
numbness
tremor 
ataxia (loss of motor coordination)
cognitive deficits
emotional changes

Question 15

Causes of autoimmune disorders

Answer 15

Females have more chances of getting it
Vitamin D deficiency (more at risk if you live in cold places with no sun)
Cigarette smoking

Question 16

Degenerative disorders

Answer 16

Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers disease and huntingtons disease

Question 17

Symptoms of parkinsons disease

Answer 17

Tremor of the fingers not much at the beginning
tremor eperienced during inactivity but not voluntary movement or sleep
muscular rigidity
diffiulty initiating a movement
slowness of a movement
masklike face
often patient affected suffer from dementia
patients feel trapped in abody they cant control

Question 18

Causes of parkinsons diisease

Answer 18

Degeneration in substantia nigra( the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia, not a lot of dopamine in substantia nigra of parkinsons patients).
extralewy bodies, exra alpha synuclein and extraparkin -s.

Question 19

Symptoms and causes of alzheimers disease

Answer 19

Alzheimer causes dementia 
Symptoms: 
selective decline in memory
deficits in attention
personality changes
confusion
irritability
anxiety 
deterioration of speech
simple responses difficulties(swallowing and bladder control)
loss of smell
Csed by: 
changes in the brain
ageing
genes
down syndrome
life style(obesity-smoking-lack of exercise)
azheimers disease leads to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time the brainn shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions.

Question 20

Huntingtons disease

Answer 20

it is a rare disease always associated with severe dementia.It is genetic, passed by generation to generation by a dominant gene, called huntingtin. Its almost sure that if your parents had it then you´ll have it as well

Question 21

Psychiatric disorders symptoms and causes

Answer 21

Schizophrenia
Symptoms are complex and diverse, they change during the progression of the disorder and overlp with other disorders.
Positive symptoms: (seem to represent an excess of typical function)
delusions(persecution ideas, think that you´re being controlled)
hallucinations(hearing voices)
inappropriate effect( can´t react with the appropriate emotion)
disorganize speech or thought
odd behavior (lack of personl hygene, talking in rhymes, difficulty in performing everyday tasks)
Negative symptoms: seem to represent a reduction or loss of a typical function.
affective flattering (diminished emotinal expression)
avolition(reduction or absence of motivation )
catatonia(remaining motionless)
Cuses: genetic, if tirgerred by experience
early experiences are thought to alter the typical course of neurodevelopmet leading to schizophrenia in individuals who have genetic susceptibility.
Disruption of dopamine (too much dopamine)
brain development went wrong.