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Body And Behavior > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different directions of the brain?

A

Anterior or rostral towards the nose end

Posterior or caudal: Towards the tail end

Dorsal: Towards the back or top of the head

Ventral: Towards the chest or bottom of the head

Medial: Towards the middle

Lateral: Away from the middle

Inferior:Lower or below

Superior: Upper or above

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2
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What is the central nervous system?Why is it referred to as central?Why is it the most protected system of the body?

A

It’s the division of the nervous system which consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

It is referred to as central because it combines information from the entire body and coordinates activity across the whole organism.

It is the most protected body because it is covered by three meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.

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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system? What’s its role?

A

Is the division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the CNS.

It’s role is to connect the CNS to the organs limbs and skin.

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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? What are their functions?

A

(SNS)The somatic nervous system: Part that interacts with external environment.

(ANS)The automatic nervous system: Part in charge of regulating the body’s internal environment.

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6
Q

What are the nerves that compose the ANS?

A

Sympathetic nerves: Those that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord.

Parasympathetic nerves: Those that project from the brain and sacral region on the spinal cord.

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7
Q

What are the meninges?what do they consist of?

A

They are protective tissues/membranes of the brain.

They consist of three different types of layers:

Dura matter :

Arachnoid membrane

Pia mater

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8
Q

What is the subarachnoid space? What is it filled with? What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

The subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Cerebrospinal fluid its the fluid whose function consists on supporting and cushioning the brain.It takes the oxygen out of the brain and sends whatever the brain does not need to the blood.

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9
Q

What is the ventricular system?how is it related to CSF?

A

Set of four interconnected ventricles in the brain, where the CSF is produced. Within each ventricle there is a region called choroid plexus that is involved in the production of CSF.

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10
Q

What is the ventricular system composed of? Where are they situated?

A

Lateral ventricles(left and right) — Located within their respective hemispheres of the cerebrum.

Third ventricle— Situated in between the right and left thalamus.

Fourth ventricle— It receives CSF from the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct.

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11
Q

What is the telencephalon?what is it composed of?what does it mediate?

A

It is the largest part of the brain.

The right and left hemispheres.
It médiates the brain most complex functions like interpreting touch vision and hearing as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning and fine control of movement.

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12
Q

What are both hemispheres joined by?what is its function?

A

The corpus callosum. (The largest cerebral commissure.

It transmits messages from one side to the other.

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13
Q

What do each hemisphere control?what would happen if a stroke was to occur in the right side of the brain?

A

Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

Left members may be weak or paralyzed.

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14
Q

What is the right hemisphere in charge of and what is the left hemisphere in charge of?

A

Right hemisphere: Creativity spatial ability artistic and musical skills it plays a large part in interpreting visual information and spatial processing.

Left hemisphere:Responsible for language and speech comprehension , arithmetic and writing dominant and in hand use and language

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15
Q

What does the telencephalon mediate?

A

It mediates the brains most complex functions like interpreting touch vision and hearing as well as speech reasoning emotions learning and fine control of movement

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16
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Tissue layer that covers the cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

What is the appearance of the cerebral cortex?how many neurons does it contain?

A

The appearance is folded with hills and valleys.

It contains 16 billion neurons

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18
Q

What does the layer outside (what you see?) is composed of?

A

Of unmyelinated (lack of myelina) and small neurons —-Gray matter

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19
Q

What is the layer beneath the cortex composed of?

A

Large myelinated neurons —— white matter

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20
Q

How is each fold of the cortex called? How is each wrinkle between the folds known as?

A

Each fold is known as gyrus and each wrinkle is called sulcus.

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21
Q

What is the neocortex?what is it divided in?

A

90% of human cerebral cortex is called neocortex. It is divided in 6-layered cortex of Trent evolution.

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22
Q

What are cortical cells divided in?what about them?

A

Pyramidal cells and Stellate cells.

Pyramidal cells are large multipolar neurons with pyramid shaped bodies, large dendrite(apical dendrite) that extends from the apex of the pyramid, straight forward the cortex surface.

23
Q

What is columnar organization?

A

Neurons in a given vertical column of neocortex often form a small circuit that performs a single function.

24
Q

What is the hippocampus?what role does it play?

A

Part of the brain located at the medial edge of the cerebral cortex, folding back on itself in the medial temporal lobe.— The shape resembles a sea horse.

It plays a major role in memory, particularly memory for spatial location.

25
Q

How are major wrinkles of the brain known as?what about small ones?

How are the ridges between fissures and sulci called?

A

Fissures

The small ones are called sulcus (as we saw before) sulci in plural

Gyri(plural of gyrus, as we saw before)

26
Q

What is the precentral gyri?

what is the postcentral gyri?what is located in it?

A

Is the largest gyri in the frontal lobe. Situated in front of the postcentral gyrus.

Prominent gyrus in the parietal lobe. in it is located the primary somatosensory cortex(=main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch).

27
Q

What is the superior temporal gyri?where is it located?

A

It is located in the temporal lobe and it is the gyri involved in the perception of emotions in facial stimuli; auditory processing; function of language in individuals who are developing a sense of language.

28
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus?

A

It is a curved fold covering the corpus callosum. Involved in processing emotions and behavior regulations l. Also helps to regulate autonomic motor function. Damage to it results in cognitive, emotional and behavioral disorders.

29
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

What are the central and lateral fissures?

A

It is the largest fissure.

They are the fissures that divide the brain in four lives—> Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.

30
Q

What are the cerebral commisures?

A

Hemisphere connecting tracts. (Corpus callosum is the largest cerebral commisure)

31
Q

How do lobes function?

A

By the different areas that are located in each of them

32
Q

What is he frontal lobe?

What is its role?

A

The most anterior part of the cerebral cortex which ends at the caudal site of central sulcus.

Deals with personality, behavior, emotions, judgment, planning and problem solving.

Speech: speaking and writing(brocas area).

Body movement(motor strip).

Intelligence concentration self-awareness.

33
Q

Parietal lobe where is it? What does it do?

A

It is posterior to the frontal lobe.

It interprets language, words.

Analyzes sensation from body such as touch, pain , temperature (sensory strip).

34
Q

Temporal lobe where is it and functions

A

It is central to the frontal and parietal lobes

It has three general function areas:

  1. Superior temporal gyrus — Involved in hearing and language —Wernicke’s area.
  2. Inferior temporal cortex— Involved in identifying complex visual patterns.
  3. Medial temporal cortex- important for certain kind of memory
35
Q

What happens if Broca’s area is damaged and where is it located?what about wernickes area?

A

Broca’s area is located in the left frontal lobe

If Broca’s area is damaged we have a difficulty moving the tongue or facial muscles to produce the sounds of speech.

We can still read and understand spoken language

Broca’s aphasia—> Difficulty un speaking and writing— forming letters and words l.

Wernickes area is located in the left temporal lobe

If wernickes area is damaged we are dealing with wernickes aphasia

You may speak in long sentences that have. I meaning add unnecessary words and even create new ones

We are able to make speech sounds but not to understand them.

36
Q

What is an aphasia?

A

A disturbance of language affecting speech production, comprehension, reading or writing, due to brain injury (stroke or trauma)

37
Q

What is the limbic system?whatbis it center of?

A

Is a circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus

It is center of our emotions, learning and memory.

It is associated with the regulation of motivated behaviors (fleeing,feeding , fighting fucking).

It is not an entirely separate system but a part of the telencephalon(cerebrum) diencephalon(cerebellum) and mesencephalon(brainstem)

38
Q

What does the limbic system consist of?

A

Hippocampus,amygdala,fornix,cingulate cortex,mammillary body and the septum.

39
Q

What is the basal ganglia?how is its structure organized? What is its relation with the cerebellum?

A

A group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus putamen and globus pallidus.

Sweeping out from each amygdala is the caudate which is connected to the putamen. Together (caudate and putamen) they from the striatum. The remaining structure is the pale circular one(globus pallidus).

They work with the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions( fingertips movements).

40
Q

What role does basal ganglia play?what do lesions to it produce?

A

In the performance of voluntary motor responses.

Damage produces movement impairments.

Parkinson’s desease

Huntington’s desease

41
Q

What is the diencephalon?what is its function? What does it consist of?

A

Is the posterior part of the forebrain located under the cerebrum

It’s function is to coordinate muscle movements maintain posture and balance.

It consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

42
Q

What is the thalamus? How are it’s lives joined?

A

Part of diencephalon that serves as a communication center as t receives information from the other lobes and then gives it on to other brain areas.

It’s 2 lobes are joined by the massa intermedia.

43
Q

What are the sensory relay nuclei?what are the three types?

A

They are the most well understood thalamus nuclei. They are nuclei that receive signals form sensory receptors, process them, and transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex.

The three types are:

Lateral geniculate nuclei(visual system)

Medial geniculate nuclei(auditory system)

Ventral posterior nuclei(somatosensory system)

44
Q

What is the hypothalamus where is it located?

A

It is the master control of autonomic system.

Has an important role in the regulation of several controlled/ motivated behaviors (eating sleeping and sexual behavior).it also regulates body temperature blood pressure emotions and secretion of hormones

45
Q

How does the hypothalamus apply its effects? What other two structures appear on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus?

A

By regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.(secretes hormones that control sexual development, promote bone and muscle growth and response to stress).

The other two structures are the optic chiasm and the mammillary bodies.

46
Q

What is the mesencephalon also known as? What is it divided in?

A

It is known as midbrain and has two divisions: Tectum and Tegmentum.

47
Q

What is the tectum divided in?

A

The superior colliculi(visual) and the inferior colliculi(auditory).

48
Q

What are the sub structures of the tegmentum?

A

The periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra and red nucleus.

49
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

Home to many ascending and descending tracts (=large bundle of nerve fibers) as well as part of the reticular formation.

50
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Exerts some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to or conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep.

51
Q

What are the major divisions of the metencephalon? What are they involved in?

A

The pins and cerebellum

The pins is involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain and sesnsatuons such as hearing taste and balance.

Cerebellum it receives info from the sensory systems spinal cord and other parts of the brain then it regulates motor movements.

52
Q

What is the myelencephalon(=medulla)?

A

Muy is the most posterior division of the Brain . Composed of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body l.(reticular formation)

It seems to play a role in arousal

Various nuclei of the reticular formation are involved in sleeping, attention, movement, muscle maintenance, cardiac and respiratory reflexes.

53
Q

What is the brain stem? What is the hind brain?

A

Is a posterior part of the brain. Including the metencephalon mesencephalon and myelencephalon.

Lower part of the brain stem, comprising the cerebellum pons and medulla m.

54
Q

What are the functions of the brain stem?

A

Provide main motor and sensory distribution of nerves to the face and neck via cranial nerves.

It plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function, regulating the CNS and helping us maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle.

Body And Behavior (9 decks)

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