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Body And Behavior > Task 7 > Flashcards

Task 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

Alterations to it cause what?

A

Active proccesss of maintaining a psychological parameter relatively constant.
Causes motivation

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2
Q

Obligatory losses

A

require us to gain and conserve heat, water, and food constantly because we involntarily loose energy, water , or temperature as a consequence of life processes.

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3
Q

Ingestive behavior

A

Eating or drinking

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4
Q

System variable

A

A variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism, for exapmle temperature in a heating syste.m

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5
Q

set point

A

The optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism.

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6
Q

Detector

A

In a regulatory proccess, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the syste variable.

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7
Q

Correctional mechanism

A

In a regulatory proccess, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable.

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8
Q

Negative feedback

A

A proccess whereby the effect produced by an action servers to diminish or terminate that action; a characteristis of regulatory systems

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9
Q

Satiety mechanims

A

A brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by an adequate and available supplies of nutrients or water.

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10
Q

intracellular compartment

A

Fluid that exists within the cells

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11
Q

EXtracellular compartment

A

Fluid that exists outside the cells, acts as a buffer and as an indicator of condiitions in the intracellular compartment( it constantly controls if we need water).

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12
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid between the cells

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13
Q

Blood plasma

A

the protein rich fluid that carries red and white blood cells

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14
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channels in the cell membranes tht are specialized for conducting water molecules into or out of the cell ( a single channel can conduct over 3 billion molecules of water per second).

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15
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

The fluid found within the blood vessels.

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16
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid.

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17
Q

What are the two forces that describe the movement so fwater

A

Diffusion and Osmosis

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules of a substance(like salt) dissolve in a quantity of another substance(water) will passively sprezad through the substance(water) because of he random movement sof the molecules until they are more or less uniformly distributed throughout the glass.

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules that occurs when a semimpermeable membrane separates solutions containing differenct concentrations of solute, and the solute ccannot spread itself evenly across both sides (like membrane blocks the passage of salt)

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20
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Physical force that pushes or pulls water across the membrane

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21
Q

Osmolality

A

Number of solute particles per unit volume of solvent

22
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

High extracellular concentration of solute like sal t, trigered by increased saltiness of the extracellular fluid

23
Q

osmosensory neurons

A

specialized neuron that measures the movemen tof water into nd out of the cells because theya re stretchy( they easily shrink and stretch). Theyre found in several regions of the hypothalamus, including the preoptic are, anterior hypothalamus, the supraoptic nucleus, and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.

24
Q

Osmoreceptor

A

A neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it

25
Q

Median preoptic nucleus

A

A small nucleus situated around the decussation of the anterior commissure; plays a role in thirst stimulated by angiotensin.

26
Q

Hypovolemic(volumetric) thirst

A

Low extracellular volume due to the loss of body fluids (loss of water volume). Thirst produced by hypovolemia. Caused by blood loss, vomit and diarrhoea.

27
Q

HYpovolemia

A

Low volume,of the extracellular fluid because normal everyday losses cause moderate decreases in the extracellular fluid.

28
Q

Low fluid volume equals whta?

A

No working blood vessels( they cant strethch and theyre not full as usual).

29
Q

Baroreceptor

A

Pressure receptor in the heart or a major artery that detects a fall in blood pressure.

30
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

A hormone, secreted by the heart tha normally reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking -, and promotes the excretion of water and salt at the kidneys.

31
Q

aldosterone

A

an adrenal steroid that promotes conservation of sodium by the kidneys

32
Q

vasopressin (or antidiuretic hormone ADH)

A

a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary gland that promotes the reduction of water flow to the bladder(before the urethra)

33
Q

angiotensin II ( keep reading in ipad)

A

substance that may play a role in the control of thirst, controls blood vessels and increases blood pressure. It also triggers the release of two different hormones that affect fluid balance:
Aldosterone
Vasopresin

34
Q

Nutrient

A

A chemical that is needed from growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but is not used as a source of energy

35
Q

Digestion

A

The proccess of breaking down the ingested food

36
Q

trophic factors

A

A substance that promotes cell growth and survival

37
Q

What is glucose

A

A sugar molecule used by the body and brain for energy

38
Q

Glycogen

A

A complex carbohydrate derived from glucose

39
Q

Glycigenesis

A

The physiological proccess by which glycogen is produced

40
Q

Glycogenlysis

A

the cnversion of glycogen back into glucoses triggered when blood concentrationns of glucose drop too low.

41
Q

Glucose transporter

A

A molecule that conducts glucose molecules through the external membrane of a cell for use inside

42
Q

Gluco privation

A

A dramatic fall in the level of glucos available to cells; can be caused by a fal in the blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism.

43
Q

Insulin

A

lower blood glucose, it is a hormone, released by beta cell sin th eislets of langerhans(pancreas)

44
Q

Mechanisms i th ebody that after injecting insulin release insulin

A 
Cephalic phase(fasting phase)
Digestive phase(fasting phase)
Absortive phase
45
Q

Cephalic phase

A

or fasting phase…

sensory stimuli from food

46
Q

DIgestive phase

A

food entering th estomach and intrstines causes them to release gut hormones, some which stimulate the pancreas to release insulin

47
Q

Absorptive phase

A

Gludetectors detect the glucose entering the bloodstream and signal the pancreas to release insulin.

48
Q

GLUCODETECTOR

A

A cell tha detects and informs the nervous system about the levels of circulating glucose

49
Q

How do glucodetectors travel through the liver?

A

Vagus nerve

Nucleus of the solitary tract

50
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Cranial nerve X, which regulates the viscera(organs) and transmits signals from the viscera to the brain.

51
Q

Nucleus of the solitary tarct (NST)

A

A brainstem nucleus that receives visceral and taste information via several cranial nerves.

Body And Behavior (9 decks)

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