Task 8

Question 1

Different types of drug administration

Answer 1

Oral ingestion
injection
inhalation
absorption through muous membranes

Question 2

Drug action

Answer 2

Act diffusely on neural membranes throughout the CNS
Act by binding to a particular synaptic receptor
Act by influencing synthesis
Act by influencing transport
Act by influencing release
Deactivation of particular neurotransmitters
Act by influencing the chain of chemical reactions elicited in postsynaptic neurons by the activation of their receptors.

Question 3

Drug craving

Answer 3

Affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug

Question 4

Drug tolerance

Answer 4

state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it. It can bedemonstrated by:

showing that a given dose of the drug has less effect than it had before drug exposure.

Showing that it takes more of the drug to produce the same effect.

Question 5

Cross tolerance

Answer 5

One drug can produce tolerance to ohter drugs tha act by the same mechanism.

Question 6

Drug sesitization

Answer 6

Increasing sensitivity to a drug, tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug while sensitivity to other effects of the same drug increases.

Question 7

Types of drug tolerances

Answer 7

Metabolic tolerance: Results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its site of action.
Functional tolerance: Results from changes that reduce the activity of the sites of action of the drug

Question 8

Types of tollerances from learning

Answer 8

Contingent drug tolerance: Tolerance devlops only to drug effects that are eperienced. If yu have to do a task u under th einfluence of a drug youll develop a tolerance to perfrom as good as you can while if you don thave anything to do you wont
Conditioned drug tolernce: Demonstratins that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered.

Question 9

Conditioned compensatory response:

Answer 9

It is an automatic response that the body and mind experience that is opposite of the effects of the drug. This, paired with unconditioned stimuli, supports the addiction.

You drink after work all th etime s your bid will prepare for that alcohol; consumption and wont feel so drunk.

Question 10

Exteroreceptive stimuli

Answer 10

(external,public stimuli, such as the drug administration in a specific environment)-conditinal stiluli in conditioned compensatory responses

Question 11

Interoreceptive stimuli

Answer 11

(internal private stimuli such as feelings produced by the drug taking before and after)-unconditioned

Question 12

Withdrawal syndrome

Answer 12

After significant amounts of a drug have been in the body for a period of time(several days) its sudden elimination can trigger an adverse physiological reaction.

Question 13

Physically dependent

Answer 13

individuals who suffer a withdrawal syndrome when they stop tking a drug

Question 14

Antagonist-precipitated withdrawal

Answer 14

sudden withdrawal from long term administration of a drug caused by the cessation of the drug and the administration of an antagonistic drug.

Question 15

Stages of addiction

Answer 15

Initial drug taking
Habitual drug taking
Drug craving and repeated relapse

Question 16

Initial drug taking novelty seeking

Answer 16

A behavioral tarit commonly associated with initial drug taking in humans.

Question 17

Habitual drug taking
Positive incentive value
Hedonic value
Negative reinforcement
Incentive sensitization theory
Anhedonia

Answer 17

Posiitve incentive value: (wanting the drug) the anticipated pleasure associated with an action.
Hedonic value: (liking the drug) refers to the amoiunt f pleasure that is actually experienced.
Negative reinforcement: The removal or reduction of an aversive stimulues that is contingent on a particular response, with an attendant increase in the frequency of that response.
Incentive senstization theory: Positive incentive value increases(becoming sensitized) with repeated drug use in addiction-prone individuals.
Anhedonia: General inability to experience pleasure in response to natural reinforces.

Question 18

Drug craving and repeated relapse:

Answer 18

Different causes of relapse
stress
drug priming- singe exposure to the formerly misused drug, they say just once first and last time and feel better
exposure to cues(people, time,places or objects), change those cues and you may chnge your addicti,n
incubation of drug craving: cues presented soon after drug withdrawal are les likely to elicit craving and relapse than cues presented later.

Question 19

Why are fast drugs more dangerous than slow drugs?

Answer 19

Because you really can feel the immediate effect thus you become addicted.

Question 20

What is th erelation between dopamine and reward?

Answer 20

According to most textbooks whenthe dopamine pathway running from theventral tegmental area(VTA) to the nucleus accumbens in the foorebrain is activated, the release of dopamine into the froebrain nucleus accumbens is believed to cause feelings of pleasure.

Question 21

Theories of drug addiction

Answer 21

The disease model 
The physical dependency model 
The positive reinforcement model
positive reinforcement 
negative reinforcement

Question 22

the disease model

Traditional vs contemporary

Answer 22

describes an addictionas a disease with biological,neurlogical,genetic and environmental sources of origin.

The traditional medical model of disease requires only that an abnormal condition be present that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress ti the individual afflicted.

The contemporary medical model attributes adiction in part to change sin the brains mesolimbic pathway.

Question 23

The physical dependency model

Answer 23

Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance forming drug, in which abrupt or graduak drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms.

Question 24

The positive reinforcement model

positive vs negative

Answer 24

Reinforcement refers to the response that is probable after the stimulus . Reinforcement can be either positive or negative.

Positive reinforcement: Means that the activity or situation have beneficial outcomes such as pleasure or reward.
Negative reinforcement: refers to the removal or cessation of negativ efeelings or behaviors when an activity or situation occurs.