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Body and Behaviour > TASK 9 > Flashcards

TASK 9 Flashcards

1
Q

BRAIN TUMORS

A

_tumour (or neoplasm) – mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body
_metastasis – The process by which cells break off of a tumour, travel through the vascular system, and grow elsewhere in the body.
TYPES

_meningiomas
_infiltrating neurons
_metastatic neurons

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2
Q

_meningiomas

A

– 20% of the brain tumors we found in human brain. These are tumors that grow between the meninges, the three membranes that cover the central neural system

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3
Q

_encapsulated tumours

A

– all meningiomas are tumours that grow within their own membrane. They can influence the function of the brain only by the pressure they exert on surrounding tissue, usually benign tumours

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4
Q

_benign tumours

A

– tumours that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body

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5
Q

_infiltrating tumours

A

– grow diffusely through surrounding tissue, usually malignant tumours. Most common

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6
Q

_malignant tumours

A

– difficult to remove or destroy completely, and any cancerous tissue that remains afterwards continues to grow

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7
Q

_gliomas

A

– brain tumours that develop from glial cells are infiltrating, rapidly growing and common

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8
Q

_metastatic tumours

A

– 10 % of brain tumours do not originate in the brain. They grow from infiltrating cells that are carried to the brain by the bloodstream from some other part of the body. Usually originate as cancers of the lungs, really little possibility of recovery (it attacked already 2 or more sites)

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9
Q

_strokes

A

– sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage. Symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected, but common consequences of stroke are amnesia, aphasia (language difficulties), paralysis and coma.
TYPES
_ischemic stroke
_cerebral heamorrhage

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10
Q

_cerebral haemorrhage

A

TYPE OF STROKE– (haemorrhagic stroke) bleeding in the brain, occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it.
_aneurysm – common cause of intracerebral haemorrhage, it is a pathological balloonlike dilation that forms in the wall of an artery at the point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective. Aneurysms can occur in any part of the body, not just in the brain (even if those ones are the most complicated)
_congenital – aneurysm present at birth
_aneurysm can result from exposure to vascular poisons or infection

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11
Q

_cerebral ischemia

A 
TYPE OF STROKE– (ischemic stroke) disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain thus insufficient blood flow to a tissue
CAUSED BY
_thrombosis 
_embolism 
_arteriosclerosis
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12
Q

_thrombosis

A

– blocks blood flow at the site of its formation , ischemic stroke caused by this

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13
Q

_embolism

A

– thrombus that has taken a trip, from a larger vessel where the embolus was formed to a smaller one, ischemic stroke caused by this

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14
Q

_arteriosclerosis

A

– the walls of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow (usually as the result of fat deposits, can bring to blockage of blood vessels), ischemic stroke caused by this

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15
Q

_contusions

A

CLOSED HEAD INJURY – involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system

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16
Q

_hematoma

A

CLOSED HEAD INJURY– localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue, a bruise

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17
Q

_chronic traumatic encephalophaty (CTE)

A

CLOSED HEAD INJURY – is the dementia and cerebral scarring of boxers, football players and so on

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18
Q

_Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

CLOSED HEAD INJURY– affects the brain part damaged

19
Q

_epileptic seizures

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY (not all the people who suffer from this are considered epileptic)

20
Q

_focal seizures

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– seizures that don’t involve the entire brain, synchronous bursting of neurons that produces epileptic spiking in the EEG

21
Q

_simple partial seizures

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – focal seizures whose symptoms are primarily sensory or motor

22
Q

_complex partial seizures

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– restricted to temporal lobes, the patient experience automatic behaviours (do and undo a thing multiple times)

23
Q

_convulsions

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– seizures that involve tremors, rigidity and loss of balance and consciousness

24
Q

_generalized seizures

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – seizures that involve the entire brain

25
Q

_tonic-clonic seizure

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and convulsions involving tonus and clonus (sensory and motor)

26
Q

_tonic phase

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– The first phase of a grand mal seizure, in which all of the patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted.

27
Q

_clonic phase

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – The phase of a grand mal seizure in which the patient shows rhythmic jerking movements.

28
Q

_hypoxia

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – accompanies a tonic-clonic seizure can cause brain damage, it is shortage of oxygen supply to a tissue

29
Q

_absence seizure

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– no convulsions, disruption of consciousness and cessation of ongoing behaviour

30
Q

_epileptic auras

A

SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– psychological changes before a seizure

31
Q

CAUSES EPILEPSY

A

CAUSES
Almost everything, most common are faults at inhibitory synapses that cause many neurons in a particular area to fire in synchronous bursts
_too little inhibition
_too much firing of neurons (excitation)

32
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

A

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER_autoimmune demyelinating disorder – a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks part of the body as if it were a foreign substance. It breaks down myelin (destroys neurons)

33
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) SYMPTOMS

A 
SYMPTOMS
_attack of myelin of axons in the CNS, usually in early adulthood
_depends on number, size and position of sclerotic lesions 
_visual disturbances
_muscular weakness
_numbness
_tremor
_ataxia (loss of motor coordination) 
_cognitive deficits
_emotional changes
34
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) causes

A

CAUSES
_females have more chances of getting it
_vitamin D deficiency (more at risk if you live in cold places with no sun)
_cigarette smoking

35
Q

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

SYMPTOMS

A

_tremor of the fingers, not much at the beginning
_tremor experienced during inactivity but not voluntary movement or sleep
_muscular rigidity
_difficulty initiating movement
_slowness of movement
_masklike face
_often patient affected suffer from dementia
_patients feel trapped in a body they can’t control

36
Q

PARKINSON’S DISEASE CAUSES

A

degeneration in substantia nigra (the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia, not a lot of dopamine in substantia nigra of parkinson’s patients.
extra_Lewy body – Abnormal circular structures with a dense core consisting of a-synuclein protein; found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people with Parkinson’s disease.
extra_alpha-synuclein – A protein normally found in the presynaptic membrane, where it is apparently involved in synaptic plasticity. Abnormal accumulations are apparently the cause of neural degeneration in Parkinson’s disease
extra parkin – A protein that plays a role in ferrying defective or misfolded proteins to the proteasomes; mutated parkin is a cause of familial Parkinson’s disease.

37
Q

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE SYMPTOMS

A 
It causes dementia
_selective decline in memory
_deficits in attention
_personality changes 
_confusion
_irritability
_anxiety
_deterioration of speech 
_simple responses difficulties (swallowing and bladder control) 
_loss of smell
38
Q

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE CAUSES

A

_neurofibrillary tangles – threadlike tangles of protein in neural cytoplasm
_amyloid plaques – clumps of scar tissue composed of degenerating neurons
_neuron loss
_microbleeds – small dot-like lesions in the brain

39
Q

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE CAUSED BY

A

_changes in the brain
_ageing
_genes
_down syndrome
_life style (obesity-smoking-lack of exercise)
_Alzheimer’s disease leads to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions.

40
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

A

It is a rare disease, always associated with severe dementia. It is genetic, passed by generation to generation by a dominant gene, called huntingtin. It’s almost sure that if your parents had it then you’ll have it as well

41
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE SYMPTOMS

A

_rapid movements
_patients incapable of feeding themselves
_can’t recognize their own children

42
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

A

CAUSED BY

_degeneration of basal ganglia

43
Q

SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS

A

Symptoms are complex and diverse, change during the progression of the disorder and overlap with other disorders.
SYMPTOMS
_positive symptoms (seem to represent an excess of typical function)
_delusions (persecution ideas, think that you’re being controlled)
_hallucinations (hearing voices)
_inappropriate effect (can’t react with the appropriate emotion)
_disorganized speech or thought
_odd behaviour (lack of personal hygiene, talking in rhymes, difficulty in performing everyday task)
_negative symptoms (seem to represent a reduction or loss of typical function)
_affective flattering (diminished emotional expression)
_avolition (reduction or absence of motivation)
_catatonia (remaining motionless)

44
Q

SCHIZOPHRENIA CAUSES

A

_genetic, if triggered by experience
_early experiences are thought to alter the typical course of neurodevelopment leading to schizophrenia in individuals who have genetic susceptibility
_disruption of dopamine (too much dopamine)
_brain development went wrong

Body and Behaviour (8 decks)

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