TASK 9 Flashcards
BRAIN TUMORS
_tumour (or neoplasm) – mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body
_metastasis – The process by which cells break off of a tumour, travel through the vascular system, and grow elsewhere in the body.
TYPES
_meningiomas
_infiltrating neurons
_metastatic neurons
_meningiomas
– 20% of the brain tumors we found in human brain. These are tumors that grow between the meninges, the three membranes that cover the central neural system
_encapsulated tumours
– all meningiomas are tumours that grow within their own membrane. They can influence the function of the brain only by the pressure they exert on surrounding tissue, usually benign tumours
_benign tumours
– tumours that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body
_infiltrating tumours
– grow diffusely through surrounding tissue, usually malignant tumours. Most common
_malignant tumours
– difficult to remove or destroy completely, and any cancerous tissue that remains afterwards continues to grow
_gliomas
– brain tumours that develop from glial cells are infiltrating, rapidly growing and common
_metastatic tumours
– 10 % of brain tumours do not originate in the brain. They grow from infiltrating cells that are carried to the brain by the bloodstream from some other part of the body. Usually originate as cancers of the lungs, really little possibility of recovery (it attacked already 2 or more sites)
_strokes
– sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage. Symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected, but common consequences of stroke are amnesia, aphasia (language difficulties), paralysis and coma.
TYPES
_ischemic stroke
_cerebral heamorrhage
_cerebral haemorrhage
TYPE OF STROKE– (haemorrhagic stroke) bleeding in the brain, occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it.
_aneurysm – common cause of intracerebral haemorrhage, it is a pathological balloonlike dilation that forms in the wall of an artery at the point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective. Aneurysms can occur in any part of the body, not just in the brain (even if those ones are the most complicated)
_congenital – aneurysm present at birth
_aneurysm can result from exposure to vascular poisons or infection
_cerebral ischemia
TYPE OF STROKE– (ischemic stroke) disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain thus insufficient blood flow to a tissue CAUSED BY _thrombosis _embolism _arteriosclerosis
_thrombosis
– blocks blood flow at the site of its formation , ischemic stroke caused by this
_embolism
– thrombus that has taken a trip, from a larger vessel where the embolus was formed to a smaller one, ischemic stroke caused by this
_arteriosclerosis
– the walls of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow (usually as the result of fat deposits, can bring to blockage of blood vessels), ischemic stroke caused by this
_contusions
CLOSED HEAD INJURY – involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system
_hematoma
CLOSED HEAD INJURY– localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue, a bruise
_chronic traumatic encephalophaty (CTE)
CLOSED HEAD INJURY – is the dementia and cerebral scarring of boxers, football players and so on
_Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
CLOSED HEAD INJURY– affects the brain part damaged
_epileptic seizures
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY (not all the people who suffer from this are considered epileptic)
_focal seizures
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– seizures that don’t involve the entire brain, synchronous bursting of neurons that produces epileptic spiking in the EEG
_simple partial seizures
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – focal seizures whose symptoms are primarily sensory or motor
_complex partial seizures
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– restricted to temporal lobes, the patient experience automatic behaviours (do and undo a thing multiple times)
_convulsions
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– seizures that involve tremors, rigidity and loss of balance and consciousness
_generalized seizures
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – seizures that involve the entire brain
_tonic-clonic seizure
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and convulsions involving tonus and clonus (sensory and motor)
_tonic phase
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– The first phase of a grand mal seizure, in which all of the patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted.
_clonic phase
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – The phase of a grand mal seizure in which the patient shows rhythmic jerking movements.
_hypoxia
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY – accompanies a tonic-clonic seizure can cause brain damage, it is shortage of oxygen supply to a tissue
_absence seizure
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– no convulsions, disruption of consciousness and cessation of ongoing behaviour
_epileptic auras
SYMPTOMS EPILEPSY– psychological changes before a seizure
CAUSES EPILEPSY
CAUSES
Almost everything, most common are faults at inhibitory synapses that cause many neurons in a particular area to fire in synchronous bursts
_too little inhibition
_too much firing of neurons (excitation)
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER_autoimmune demyelinating disorder – a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks part of the body as if it were a foreign substance. It breaks down myelin (destroys neurons)
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) SYMPTOMS
SYMPTOMS _attack of myelin of axons in the CNS, usually in early adulthood _depends on number, size and position of sclerotic lesions _visual disturbances _muscular weakness _numbness _tremor _ataxia (loss of motor coordination) _cognitive deficits _emotional changes
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) causes
CAUSES
_females have more chances of getting it
_vitamin D deficiency (more at risk if you live in cold places with no sun)
_cigarette smoking
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
SYMPTOMS
_tremor of the fingers, not much at the beginning
_tremor experienced during inactivity but not voluntary movement or sleep
_muscular rigidity
_difficulty initiating movement
_slowness of movement
_masklike face
_often patient affected suffer from dementia
_patients feel trapped in a body they can’t control
PARKINSON’S DISEASE CAUSES
degeneration in substantia nigra (the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia, not a lot of dopamine in substantia nigra of parkinson’s patients.
extra_Lewy body – Abnormal circular structures with a dense core consisting of a-synuclein protein; found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people with Parkinson’s disease.
extra_alpha-synuclein – A protein normally found in the presynaptic membrane, where it is apparently involved in synaptic plasticity. Abnormal accumulations are apparently the cause of neural degeneration in Parkinson’s disease
extra parkin – A protein that plays a role in ferrying defective or misfolded proteins to the proteasomes; mutated parkin is a cause of familial Parkinson’s disease.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE SYMPTOMS
It causes dementia _selective decline in memory _deficits in attention _personality changes _confusion _irritability _anxiety _deterioration of speech _simple responses difficulties (swallowing and bladder control) _loss of smell
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE CAUSES
_neurofibrillary tangles – threadlike tangles of protein in neural cytoplasm
_amyloid plaques – clumps of scar tissue composed of degenerating neurons
_neuron loss
_microbleeds – small dot-like lesions in the brain
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE CAUSED BY
_changes in the brain
_ageing
_genes
_down syndrome
_life style (obesity-smoking-lack of exercise)
_Alzheimer’s disease leads to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions.
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
It is a rare disease, always associated with severe dementia. It is genetic, passed by generation to generation by a dominant gene, called huntingtin. It’s almost sure that if your parents had it then you’ll have it as well
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE SYMPTOMS
_rapid movements
_patients incapable of feeding themselves
_can’t recognize their own children
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
CAUSED BY
_degeneration of basal ganglia
SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS
Symptoms are complex and diverse, change during the progression of the disorder and overlap with other disorders.
SYMPTOMS
_positive symptoms (seem to represent an excess of typical function)
_delusions (persecution ideas, think that you’re being controlled)
_hallucinations (hearing voices)
_inappropriate effect (can’t react with the appropriate emotion)
_disorganized speech or thought
_odd behaviour (lack of personal hygiene, talking in rhymes, difficulty in performing everyday task)
_negative symptoms (seem to represent a reduction or loss of typical function)
_affective flattering (diminished emotional expression)
_avolition (reduction or absence of motivation)
_catatonia (remaining motionless)
SCHIZOPHRENIA CAUSES
_genetic, if triggered by experience
_early experiences are thought to alter the typical course of neurodevelopment leading to schizophrenia in individuals who have genetic susceptibility
_disruption of dopamine (too much dopamine)
_brain development went wrong
