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Body and Behaviour > TASK 7 > Flashcards

TASK 7 Flashcards

1
Q

_homeostasis

A

– active process of maintaining a particular physiological parameter relatively constant _alterations in this process can effect motivation

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2
Q

_obligatory losses

A

– require us to gain and conserve heat, water, and food constantly because we involuntarily loss energy, water, or temperature as a consequence of life processes

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3
Q

_ingestive behaviour

A

– Eating or drinking.

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4
Q

_system variable

A

– A variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism, for example, temperature in a heating system.

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5
Q

_set point

A

– The optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism.

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6
Q

_detector

A

– In a regulatory process, a mechanism that signals when the system variable deviates from its set point.

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7
Q

_correctional mechanism

A

– In a regulatory process, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable.

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8
Q

_negative feedback

A

– A process whereby the effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate that action; a characteristic of regulatory systems.

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9
Q

_satiety mechanism

A

– A brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by adequate and available supplies of nutrients or water.

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10
Q

_intracellular compartment

A

– fluid that exists within the cells

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11
Q

_extracellular compartment

A

– fluid that exists outside the cells, acts as a buffer and as an indicator of conditions in the intracellular compartment (it constantly controls if we need water) _interstitial fluid – fluid between the cells _blood plasma – the protein-rich fluid that carries red and white blood cells

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12
Q

_aquaporins

A

– channels in the cell membranes that are specialized for conducting water molecules into or out of the cell (a single channel can conduct 3billion molecules of water per second)

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13
Q

_intravascular fluid

A

– The fluid found within the blood vessels.

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14
Q

_Hypovolemia

A

– Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid.

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15
Q

_diffusion

A

Movements of water described by two forces , DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS– molecules of a substance like salt (a solute) dissolved in a quantity of another substance, such as a glass of water (a solvent) will passively SPREAD through the water because of the random movements of the molecules until they are more or less uniformly distributed throughout the glass

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16
Q

_osmosis

A

– movement of water molecules that occurs when a semipermeable membrane separates solutions containing different concentrations of solute, and the solute cannot spread itself evenly across both sides (membrane blocks passage of salt) _osmotic pressure _osmolality

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17
Q

_osmotic pressure

A

– physical force that pushes or pulls water across the membrane

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18
Q

_osmolality

A

– number of solute particles per unit volume of solvent

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19
Q

_hypertonic

A

– high concentration of salt that is the same as that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (about 0.9% salt)

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20
Q

_isotonic

A

– concentration of salt that is the same as that found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (about 0.9% salt)

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21
Q

_hypotonic

A

– low concentration of salt that is the same as hat found in interstitial fluid and blood plasma (about 0.9% salt)

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22
Q

_osmotic thirst

A

– high extracellular concentration of solute (as salt), triggered by increased saltiness of the extracellular fluid – like by ingesting lots of salty foods. Water will be pulled out of cells through osmosis. SALT IS CRUCIAL FOR FLUID BALANCE

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23
Q

_osmosensory neurons

A

– specialized neuron that measures the movement of water into and out of cells because they are stretchy (they easily shrink and stretch). They’re found in several regions of the hypothalamus, including the preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus, the supraoptic nucleus, and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis

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24
Q

_osmoreceptor

A

– A neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it

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25
Q

_hypovolemic (volumetric) thirst

A

– low extracellular volume due to the loss of body fluids (loss of water volume). Thirst produced by hypovolemia. Caused by blood loss, vomit and diarrhoea

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26
Q

_hypovolemia

A

– low volume of the extracellular fluid because normal everyday losses cause moderate drecreases in extracellular fluid.

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27
Q

LOW FLUID VOLUME =

A

NO WORKING BLOOD VESSELS (they can’t stretch and they’re not full as usual)

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28
Q

_1) baroreceptor

A

– pressure receptor in the heart or a major artery that detects a fall in blood pressure

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29
Q

_2a) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

– a hormone, secreted by the heart, that normally reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking, and promotes the excretion of water and salt at the kidneys

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30
Q

_aldosterone

A

– an adrenal steroid that promotes conservation of sodium by the kidneys

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31
Q

_2b) vasopressin (or antidiuretic hormone ADH)

A

– a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary gland that promotes the reduction of water flow to the bladder (before the urethra)

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32
Q

_3) angiotensin II

A

– substance that may play a role in the control of thirst, controls blood vessels and increases blood pressure. It also triggers the release of two different hormones that affect fluid balance: _aldosterone _vasopressin Angiotensin II regulates directly behaviour through actions at neural sites located In the forebrain , especially the _circumventricular organ

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33
Q

_renin

A

– A hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes the conversion of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin.

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34
Q

_circumventricular organ

A

– an organ that lies in the wall of a cerebral ventricle and monitors the composition of body fluids. COMPOSED BY _organum vasculosum of the laminal terminalis (OVLT) – one of the circumventricular organs _subfornical organ (SFO) – one of the circumventricular organs

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35
Q

_nutrient

A

– a chemical that is needed from growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but is not used as a source of energy

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36
Q

_digestion

A

– the process of breaking down the ingested food

37
Q

_basal metabolism

A

– consumption of energy by the basic life-sustaining functions of the body

38
Q

_trophic factors

A

– a substance that promotes cell growth and survival

39
Q

_glucose

A

– a sugar molecule used by the body and brain for energy

40
Q

_glycogen

A

– a complex carbohydrate derived from glucose

41
Q

_glycogenesis

A

– the physiological process by which glycogen is produced

42
Q

_glycogenlysis

A

– the conversion of glycogen back into glucose, triggered when blood concentrations of glucose drop too low

43
Q

_glucose transporter

A

– a molecule that conducts glucose molecules through the external membrane of a cell for use inside

44
Q

_glucoprivation

A

– A dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cells; can be caused by a fall in the blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism.

45
Q

_insulin

A

– lowers blood glucose by making it go to the cels, it is a hormone, released by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans (Pancreas).

46
Q

_cephalic phase (or fasting phase)

A

MECHANISMS, AFTER INGESTING THE FOOD, THAT RELEASE INSULINE (PANCREAS) – sensory stimuli from food

47
Q

_digestive phase (or fasting phase)

A

MECHANISMS, AFTER INGESTING THE FOOD, THAT RELEASE INSULINE (PANCREAS) – food entering the stomach and intestines causes them to release gut hormones, some which stimulate the pancreas to release insulin

48
Q

_absorptive phase

A

MECHANISMS, AFTER INGESTING THE FOOD, THAT RELEASE INSULINE (PANCREAS) – gludetectors detect the glucose entering the bloodstream and signal the pancreas to release insulin

49
Q

_glucodetector

A

– a cell that detects and informs the nervous system about the levels of circulating glucose

50
Q

_vagus nerve

A

GLUDETECTOR IN THE LIVER TRAVEL VIA THIS – cranial nerve X, which regulates the viscera (organs) and transmits signals from the viscera to the brain

51
Q

_diabetes mellitus (type I)

A

– excessive glucose in the urine, caused by the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption by the body. The pancreas stops producing insulin, the brain can still use glucose but the rest of the body cannot and is forced to use energy from fatty acids making urines sweet (that’s why diabetes mellitus = passing honey)

52
Q

_glucagon

A

– increases blood glucose. It is a hormone, released by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans _lipids – large molecules (commonly called fats) consisting of fatty acids and glycerol that are insoluble in water

53
Q

_adipose tissue –

A

tissue made up of fat cells (lipids)

54
Q

_gluconeogenesis

A

– the metabolism of body fats and proteins to create glucose

55
Q

_ketones

A

– a body fuel source of liberated by the breakdown of body fats and proteins

56
Q

_fatty acid

A

– A substance derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with glycerol; can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain

57
Q

_glycerol.

A

– A substance (also called glycerine) derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with fatty acids; can be converted by the liver into glucose

58
Q

_triglyceride

A

– The form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids.

59
Q

_lipoprivation

A

– A dramatic fall in the level of fatty acids available to cells; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism

60
Q

_lipostatic theory

A

– the brain monitors the level in the blood of free fatty acids that result from the metabolism of fat. It controls our hunger is always at set point

61
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS HUNGER?

A

Important for _metabolic rate _food intake _body weight

62
Q

_ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

– bilateral lesions of this part of the brain cause hyperphagia which is excessive eating. Thus involved in eating but also involved in sexual behaviour

63
Q

_hyperphagia

A

– happens when ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is damaged. It is excessive eating

64
Q

_lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

– bilateral lesions of this part of the brain cause aphagia which is refuse to eat. Thus involved in eating

65
Q

_aphagia

A

– happens when lateral hypothalamus (LH) is damaged. It is refusal to eat

66
Q

_arcuate nucleus

A

– an arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control

67
Q

_Orexigenic neurons/hormones

A

– neurons of the hypothalamic appetite system that promote feeding behaviour. INCREASED FEEDING AND WEIGHT GAIN. Reduce metabolic rate because you already have enough food to be as efficient as possible

68
Q

_ghrelin

A

– a peptide hormone emanating from the gut. Orexigenic, decreases energy expenditure. Synthetized in GI

69
Q

_agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

A

– they produce neuropeptide along whit NPY neurons. Orexigenic, synthetized in the hypothalamus

70
Q

_melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

A

– A peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate.

71
Q

_endocannabinoid

A

– an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors, thus an analog of marijuana that is produced by the brain

72
Q

_neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

– a peptide neurotransmitter that may carry some of the signals for feeding. Orexigenic, synthetized in the hypothalamus

73
Q

_Anorexigenic neurons/hormones

A

– neurons of the hypothalamic appetite system that inhibit feeding behaviour. DECREASED FEEDING AND BODY WEIGHT. Increase metabolic rate because it wants to be as efficient as possible

74
Q

_leptin

A

– a peptide hormone released by fat cells. It decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure. Synthetized in the adipose and GI. Anorexigenic

75
Q

_Peptide YY (PYY)

A

– a peptide hormone, secreted by the intestines, that probably acts on hypothalamic appetite control mechanisms to suppress appetite. Synthetized in GI, Anorexigenic

76
Q

_alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) –

A

a peptide that binds the melanocortin receptor. Anorexigenic

77
Q

_melanocortins

A

– one category of endogenous opioid peptides .PART OF , _alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) _Anorexigenic

78
Q

_proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

A

– A pro-hormone that can be cleaved to produce the melanocortins, which also participate in feeding control. Suppresses food intake. Synthetized in the hypothalamus . PART OF , _alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) _Anorexigenic

79
Q

_cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

– a peptide hormone, released by the gut after the ingestion of food high in protein and/or fat, that also serves as a signalling molecule in the brain

80
Q

_obesity

A

_epigenetic transmission – the passage of epigenetic modifications of a gene from one generation to another _high level of leptin, which it also controls endogenous cannabinoid levels in the hypothalamus CURES _APPETITE CONTROL _rimonabant – banned in Europe, inverse agonist that leads to weight loss but also depression, thus it is a medication _INCREASED METABOLISM _increasing activity of brown fat which is rich of _thermogenin (UCP1) – specialized protein that allows mitochondria to turn energy directly into heat _INHIBITION OF FAT TISSUE _block the angiogenesis process, which is the one that lets the white fat tissue to grow _REDUCED ABSORPION _orlistat (Xenical) – medication that interferes with the digestion of fat _REDUCED REWARD _food directly reduce circulating stress hormones, thereby providing another reward. Chronic food restriction makes rewarding brain stimulations even more rewarding than usual, and this effect is reversed by _treatment with leptin _ANTI-OBESITY SURGERY

81
Q

_anorexia nervosa

A

_no appetite _the disorder generates from the nervous system _caused by food deprivation _food stimuli release a large amount of insulin (their hunger may be normal or even exaggerated, but their hunger is somehow absent from the conscious perceptions of these individuals and they refuse to eat) _can be fatal CURE _really hard to cure, because it is caused by multiple combinations of genetic, endocrine, personality, cognitive and environmental variables

82
Q

_bulimia

A

_related to anorexia nervosa _belief that you’re fatter than what you really are so they vomit their meals _can be fatal

83
Q

_binge eating

A

_eating too much, even more than the amount required to satisfy hunger, at the point of illness _people are often obese _strong pleasure related with food activates opiate and dopaminergic reward mechanisms to such an extent that binging relates to DRUG ADDICTION

84
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86
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Body and Behaviour (8 decks)

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