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Body and Behaviour > TASK 1 and 2 > Flashcards

TASK 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how’s the nervous system composed?

A

neurons and glial cells

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2
Q

synapses

A

tiny gaps formed by cells communicating to each others

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3
Q

mithocondria function and where it is located

A

produces energy - INSIDE CELL

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4
Q

nucleus function and where it is located

A

contains genetic instructions - INSIDE CELL

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5
Q

ribosomes function and where it is located

A

translate genetic instructions into proteins - INSIDE CELL

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6
Q

dendrides

A

receive information from other neurons

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7
Q

soma

A

(also called cell body) contains cell nucleus

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8
Q

axon

A

leads away from the cell body and transmits the cell’s output information in form of electrical impulses

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9
Q

axon terminals

A

ends of the axon , they transmit the neurons activity to to other cells at synapses

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10
Q

types of neurons determined by function

A

sensory motorneuron interneuron

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11
Q

types of neurons determined by shape

A

multipolar bipolar unipolar

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12
Q

multipolar neuron

A

have many dendrites and a single axon (most common) _!!! – in multipolar and bipolar neurons the cell body also receives and so it is also part of the input zone

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13
Q

bipolar neuron

A

have a single dendrite at one end of the cell and a single axon at the other end (common in sensory systems, such as vision) _!!! – in multipolar and bipolar neurons the cell body also receives and so it is also part of the input zone

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14
Q

unipolar

A

have a single extension (or process), usually thought of as an axon , that branches in two directions after leaving the cell body

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15
Q

sensory neurons

A

Sensory neurons are nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for CONVERT EXTERNAL STIMULI FROM THE ORGANISM’S ENVIRONMENT INTO INTERNAL ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

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16
Q

motorneuron

A

governs movements. A nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle or gland

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17
Q

interneuron

A

(make up most of the brain) receive information from other neurons, process it, and pass the integrated information to other neurons (axons are usually short)

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18
Q

gyri

A

ridges of tissue in cerebral cortex

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19
Q

sulci

A

furrows between gyri in cerebral cortex

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20
Q

cortical regions

A

(4) parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal lobes

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21
Q

sylvian fissure

A

(deep sulcus) – divides temporal lobe from the other regions of the hemisphere

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22
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal and parietal lobes

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23
Q

parietal lobes

A

Parietal lobe – receive sensory information from the body and participate in spatial cognition Postcentral gyrus – located in parietal cortex, mediates sense of touch. Located behind the central sulcus

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24
Q

occipital lobes

A

Occipital lobe – process information from the eyes, giving rise to the sense of vision

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25
Q

temporal lobes

A

Temporal lobe – auditory information, sense of smell and with aspects of learning and memory

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26
Q

frontal lobes

A

movement and high level cognition Precentral gyrus – located in the frontal lobe, crucial for motor control. Located in front of the central sulcus

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27
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

located in the frontal lobe, crucial for motor control. Located in front of the central sulcus

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28
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

located in parietal cortex, mediates sense of touch. Located behind the central sulcus

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29
Q

white matter

A

dominated by fibre tracts. Mostly transmits information

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30
Q

grey matter

A

dominated by nerve cell bodies and dendrite. Primarily processes information

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31
Q

different ways to cut the brain

A

transverse, sagittal, coronal

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32
Q

developmental subdivision of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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33
Q

forebrain parts

A

telencephalon, diencephalon

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34
Q

midbrain parts

A

tectum, tegmentum

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35
Q

hindbrain parts

A

metencephalon, medulla (myelencephalon)

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36
Q

telencephalon , parts and location

A

cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system. Located in forebrain

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37
Q

diencephalon , parts and location

A

located in forebrain. Formed by thalamus , hypothalamus

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38
Q

tectum, parts and location

A

superior and interior colliculi , located in the midbrain

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39
Q

reticular formation, function and location

A

located in the midbrain and hindbrain – network of neurons, implicated in a variety of behaviours, including sleep and arousal, temperature regulation and motor control.

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40
Q

metencephalon , location and parts

A

located in hindbrain. Composed by cerebellum, pons

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41
Q

medulla, function and location

A

located in hindbrain. Function: maintains vital body functions, contains nuclei of cranial nerves (contains cell bodies of the neurons that control the neck and tongue muscles), nuclei that regulate heart rate and breathing

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42
Q

basal ganglia parts

A

_amygdala _striatum (_caudate nucleus_putamen) _globus palldius _substantia nigra _!!! – all connected with the cerebral cortex, forming a looping neural system

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43
Q

Limbic system, function? in what part of the brain? parts of it?

A

function: controls emotional behaviour located: forebrain- telencephalon

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44
Q

amygdala, function and location

A

functions as emotion regulation and odor perception location: forebrain- telencephalon- LIMBIC SYSTEM

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45
Q

hippocampus, function and location

A

contribute to learning and memory . location: forebrain- telencephalon- LIMBIC SYSTEM

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46
Q

fornix, function and location

A

contribute to learning and memory. location: forebrain- telencephalon- LIMBIC SYSTEM

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47
Q

cingulate gyrus, function and location

A

implicated in many cognitive functions , as direction of attention. location: forebrain- telencephalon- LIMBIC SYSTEM

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48
Q

olfactory bulb, function and location

A

function: implicated in smell functions location: forebrain- telencephalon- LIMBIC SYSTEM

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49
Q

Thalamus, function and location

A

trade information with the cortex , directs all incoming sensory info to the appropriate regions of cortex for further processing location: forebrain-diencephalon

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50
Q

Hypothalamus, function and location

A

helps to govern highly motivated behaviours, like sex and aggression, and regulate the hormonal system of the body (because it controls the pituitary gland) location: forebrain-diencephalon

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51
Q

caudate nucleus , location

A

located: forebrain-telencephalon-basal ganglia connected with the cerebral cortex, forming a looping neural system

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52
Q

putamen

A

located: forebrain-telencephalon-basal ganglia connected with the cerebral cortex, forming a looping neural system

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53
Q

globus palladius

A

located: forebrain-telencephalon-basal ganglia connected with the cerebral cortex, forming a looping neural system

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54
Q

substantia nigra

A

located: forebrain-telencephalon-basal ganglia connected with the cerebral cortex, forming a looping neural system

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55
Q

superior colliculi, function and location

A

(rostral pairs - in each hemisphere, bumps on the dorsal surface) process visual information location: midbrain-tectum

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56
Q

inferior colliculi

A

(caudal bumps) – process information about sound location: midbrain-tectum

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57
Q

cerebellum, function- parts and location

A

(attached to the pons) aids motor coordination and control , it’s a folded sheet (devided in 3 layers) _purkinje cell layer _granule cell layer _molecular cell layer location: midbrain-metencephalon

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58
Q

purkinje cell layer, definition and location

A

(middle) enourmous amount of neurons location: hindbrain-metencephalon-cerebellum

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59
Q

granule cell layer, definition and location

A

(last one, under purkinje cell) , forms parallel fibers and brings them to outermost layer location: hindbrain-metencephalon-cerebellum

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60
Q

molecular cell layer, definition and location

A

composed by the parallel fibers location: hindbrain-metencephalon-cerebellum

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61
Q

Pons

A

connects midbrain to medulla. location: hindbrain-metencephalon

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62
Q

Brainstem, what is it and composition

A

refers to medulla and pons combined _red nucleus

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63
Q

red nucleus, function and location

A

structure related to motor control, communicates with motoneurons in the spinal cord location: midbrain-tegmentum

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64
Q

Precentral gyrus location and function

A

located in the frontal lobe, crucial for motor control. Located in front of the central sulcus

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65
Q

Postcentral gyrus location and function

A

located in parietal cortex, mediates sense of touch. Located behind the central sulcus

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66
Q

tegmentum, components and location

A

reticular formation and red nucleus location: midbrain

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67
Q

Directions in the brain

A

Anterior/rostral Towards the nose end (Latin rostrum=nose) Posterior/caudal Towards the tail end (Latin cauda=tail) Dorsal Towards the back or top of the head (Latin dorsum=back) Ventral Towards the chest or bottom of the head (Latin venter=abdomen) Medial Towards the middle Lateral Away from the middle Inferior Lower or below Superior Upper or above

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68
Q

Anterior/rostral view

A

Towards the nose end (Latin rostrum=nose)

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69
Q

Posterior/caudal view

A

Towards the tail end (Latin cauda=tail)

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70
Q

Dorsal view

A

Towards the back or top of the head (Latin dorsum=back)

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71
Q

Ventral view

A

Towards the chest or bottom of the head (Latin venter=abdomen)

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72
Q

Medial view

A

Towards the middle

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73
Q

Lateral view

A

Away from the middle

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74
Q

Inferior view

A

Lower or below

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75
Q

Superior view

A

Upper or above

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76
Q

central nervous system CNS

A

the brain and spinal cord

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77
Q

peripheral nervous system PNS

A

the part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord

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78
Q

meninges

A

protective membrane formed by _Pia mater _Arachnoid _Dura mater

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79
Q

Pia mater

A

inner part of meninges

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80
Q

Arachnoid

A

middle part of meninges

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81
Q

Dura mater

A

outer part of meninges

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82
Q

cerebrospinal fluid CSF

A

fluid where the brain is suspended (it gives it a bath ahah)

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83
Q

meningitis

A

an inflammation of the meninges caused by viral infection (in the worst case can form a meningiomas, a large benign tumor)

84
Q

meningiomas

A

large benign tumor

85
Q

ventricular system function

A

Inside the brain is a series of chambers filled with CSF, that circulates and creates 2 main functions 1. It acts as a shock absorber for the brain (brain is protected from sudden movements of the head that would smash it against the inside of the skull) 2. It provides a medium for the exchange of materials, including nutrients, between blood vessels and brain tissue

86
Q

lateral ventricle

A

each hemisphere contains one

87
Q

choroid plexus what does it do, where it is located and what is it?

A

membrane in lateral ventricle, produces CSF by filtering blood

88
Q

third ventricle position

A

up the fourth ventricle

89
Q

fourth ventricle position

A

lies between cerebellum and the pons

90
Q

_glial cells (glia) function and types

A

– make additional contributions to information processing, protect neurons, remove dead neurons 1. astrocyte 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglia

91
Q

_astrocyte , location and function

A

– (star cell) provides physical support to neurons and clean up debris within the brain. They also produce chemicals that neurons need to fulfil their functions it is a glia cell

92
Q

_oligodendrocytes , location and function

A

– provide support to axons and to produce myelin sheath (insulates most axons from one another) it is a glia cell

93
Q

_microglia, location and function

A

– smallest cells, they “eat” dead and dying neurons, and they also serve as one of the representatives of the immune system in the brain it is a glia cell

94
Q

Shwann cells, function

A

– produce myelin

95
Q

_node of Ranvier

A

-bare portion of an axon, unmyelinated parts between myelin sheaths

96
Q

_myelin sheath

A

-(myelinated axon) insulate axons from one another , helps to transmit information faster

97
Q

HOW DO NEURONS TRANSMIT INFORMATION?

A

_action potential – electric impulse traveling down the axons terminal (whether or not is myelinated) _saltatory conduction – when an electric impulse goes from an unmyelinated part to a myelinated one, because it changes in voltage across a plasma membrane

98
Q

_endoplasmic reticulum , what and where are they?

A

a system of folded membranes in the cell body, rough portions (with ribosomes) play a role in synthesis of proteins, smooth portions (without ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of fats inside neuron

99
Q

_nucleus , what and where are they? WHAT DOES PRODUCE?

A

– spherical DNA- containing stricter of the cell body, produces ribosomes inside neuron

100
Q

_mitochondria , what and where are they?

A

– energy release (oxygen-consuming) inside neuron

101
Q

_cytoplasm , what and where are they?

A

– the clear internal fluid of cells inside neuron

102
Q

_ribosomes , what and where are they?

A

– internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; they’re located on the endoplasmic reticulum inside neuron

103
Q

_golgi complex , what and where are they? WHAT DOES PRODUCE?

A

– a connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles , , wraps the products of a secretory cell, produces lysosome inside neuron

104
Q

_microtubules , what and where are they?

A

– tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons inside neuron

105
Q

_buttons , what and where are they?

A

– buttonlike endings of axon branches, which release chemical into synapses end of the neuron

106
Q

_synaptic vesicles , what and where are they?

A

– spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses in buttons (inside neuron)

107
Q

_neurotransmitters , what and where are they?

A

– molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells in buttons (inside neuron)

108
Q

fissure

A

big and deep sulcus

109
Q

_calcarine fissure , where is it and function

A

– located in the occipital lobe, most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

110
Q

_primary visual cortex , position

A

(inner surface of the brain at the back, surrounds calcarine fissure) in the cortex

111
Q

_primary auditory cortex , position

A

(located in the lower surface of the lateral fissure, or sylvian fissure) in the cortex

112
Q

_primary somatosensory cortex, position and function

A

(receives information from the body senses, in front of central sulcus) in the cortex

113
Q

_primary motor cortex , position

A

(in the back of central sulcus) in the cortex

114
Q

stratium, location and parts

A

_caudate nucleus _putamen located: forebrain-telencephalon- BASAL GANGLIA

115
Q

_septum , function and location

A

– midline nucleus located: forebrain, telencephalon, limbic system

116
Q

_mammillary bodies , function and location

A

– pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus located: forebrain, telencephalon, limbic system

117
Q

_Major fissures and location

A

– central, lateral, longitudinal fissures located: forebrain, telencephalon

118
Q

_Major gyri and location

A

– precentral gyrus , postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus located: forebrain, telencephalon

119
Q

_Four lobes and location

A

– frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal lobes located: forebrain, telencephalon

120
Q

_cerebral commissures , location and function

A

– tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres directly, the corpus callosum is the largest located: forebrain, telencephalon

121
Q

Thalamus parts

A

_massa intermedia _lateral geniculate nuclei _medial geniculate nuclei _ventral posterior nuclei

122
Q

_optic chiasm , what and where (???) is it?

A

– the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together

123
Q

_pituitary gland what and where (???) is it?

A

– synthesises and secretes hormones

124
Q

_somatic nervous system

A

interacts with the environmental stimuli (voluntary) -sensory= input -motory= output

125
Q

_autonomous nervous system

A

involuntary

126
Q

_substantia nigra location and function

A

– the substantia nigra is an important player in brain function, in particular, in eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction position: midbrain-tegmentum

127
Q

_periaqueductal gray location and what is it

A

– gray matter around cerebral aqueduct position: midbrain-tegmentum

128
Q

_cerebral aqueduct function and location

A

connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle position: midbrain-tegmentum

129
Q

_reticular formation

A

– set of interconnected nuclei location- hindbrain

130
Q

_Blood-brain barrier, what is it function and position

A

– a semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain’s capillaries, protects the brain

131
Q

_layers where and what they are

A

cortex divided in 6 horizontal layers segregated by cell type. More or less uniform

132
Q

_columns where and what they are

A

vertical structures. These columns are often thought as the basic repeating functional units of the neocortex (doesn’t make sense to understand neocortex in terms of columns because there are too many definitions in terms of anatomy, size, or function)

133
Q

CFS flows where?

A

lateral ventricle- third and fourth ventricle- subarachnoid space- arachnoid granulations-superior saggittal sinus

134
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

pouch shaped structures where CFS flows

135
Q

_Obstructive hydrocephalus

A

if the fluid is interrupted at some point in its route of passage (by a tumor or baby with too little celebral aqueduct ) it generates occlusion and results in greatly increased pressure within the ventricles, because the choroid plexus continues to produce CFS. IF THE OBSTRUCTION REMAINS AND NOTHING IS DONE TO REVERSE THE INCREASED INTRACEREBRAL PRESSURE BRAIN (FATAL) DAMAGE WILL OCCUR.

136
Q

_superior sagittal sinus

A

blood vessel that drains into the veins serving the brain

137
Q

Contralateral

A

controls the opposite part of the body

138
Q

_axon hillock

A

– a cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out the cell body. Functionally, the integration zone of the neuron

139
Q

_ions what they are and types

A

dissolved in intracellular fluid (separated by the cell membrane from the extracellular fluid) _cations – positively charged _anions – negatively charged

140
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

– resting neuron is more negative on the inside and in the outside more positive , potential difference of about -50, -80 millivolts (mV) ,or thousandths of volts. -negative polarity – mines sign before number of millivolts

141
Q

_lipid bilayer

A

two layers of linked fatty molecules that made up cell membranes

142
Q

selective permeability

A

cell membrane of a neuron lets in just some stuff, not everything. Throught Channels.

143
Q

_ion channel what it is and types

A

– tube-like pore that allows ions of a specific type to pass through the membrane They selectively let potassium ions (K+) and sodium to cross the membrane _Leak channel _Gated channel

144
Q

_Gated channel what it is

A

– selective channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential; it mediates the action potential _IT IS A ION CHANNEL

145
Q

_Leak channel what it is

A

– either potassium or sodium channel, potassium one is the most widely distributed type of channel _IT IS A ION CHANNEL

146
Q

_diffusion , what it is

A

– force that causes molecules of a substance to diffuse from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration _concentration gradient – variation of the concentration of a substance within a region, molecules tend to move down their concentration gradient

147
Q

_concentration gradient , what it is

A

– variation of the concentration of a substance within a region, molecules tend to move down their concentration gradient WHEN TALKING ABOUT diffusion

148
Q

_electrostatic pressure, why happens and what it is

A

– arises from the distribution of electrical charges rather than the distribution of molecules, it is the propensity of charged molecules or ions to move via diffusion, toward areas with the opposite charge (cations attracted to the negatively charged inside of the cell and anions are repelled by the cell interior)

149
Q

_sodium-potassium pump, what is it and why it happens

A

– happens across a neuron’s cell membrane, it is a mechanism that pumps three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell per every two K+ pumped in _equilibrium _Nernst equation

150
Q

_equilibrium , what it is and what it explains

A

– equilibrate amount of ions K and Na (around -60 mv, but could be also -50, -80) _explains sodium potassium pump

151
Q

_Nernst equation , what it is and what it explains

A

– mathematical function predicting the voltage needed to just counterbalance the diffusion force pushing an ion across a semipermeable membrane from the side with a high concentration to the side with a low concentration _explains sodium potassium pump

152
Q

_potential , definition

A

– separation of charges

153
Q

_action potential , what it is and how it is triggered

A

– brief and large changes in neuronal polarization, electric impulse that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals Triggered by: _hyperpolarization: increase in membrane potential, it increases negative distance from zero _depolarization: decrease in membrane potential, it decreases negative distance from zero (makes the inside of the neuron more like the outside)

154
Q

_hyperpolarization: what it is and what it triggers

A

increase in membrane potential, it increases negative distance from zero TRIGGERS ACTION POTENTIAL

155
Q

_depolarization: what it is and what it triggers

A

decrease in membrane potential, it decreases negative distance from zero (makes the inside of the neuron more like the outside) TRIGGERS ACTION POTENTIAL

156
Q

_local potential what it is

A

– graded and diminish over time and distance, also arise at synapses in response to other neurons. It is initiated by stimulation at a specific site, which is a graded response that spread passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance

157
Q

_Threshold point

A

– stimulus intensity that is just adequate or trigger an action potential

158
Q

_all or none property

A

– the fact that the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus

159
Q

_after potential

A

– it is difficult after an action potential to go back to the baseline membrane, many axons exhibit electrical oscillations immediately following the spike

160
Q

_voltage-gated Na+ channel

A

– sodium selective channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential; it mediates the action potential

161
Q

_Axonal membrane when is it refractory and what does refractory means? What are the phases?

A

it is refractory (unresponsive) to second stimulus , apply pairs of stimuli that are spaced closer together reveals that , beyond a certain point only the first stimulus is able to elicit an action potential Refractory phases _absolute refractory phase _relative refractory phase

162
Q

_absolute refractory phase WHAT IS IT?

A

– brief period immediately following the production of an action potential where there is complete insensitivity to stimuli IT IS THE FIRST REFRACTORY PHASE

163
Q

_relative refractory phase WHAT IS IT?

A

– a period of reduced sensitivity during which only strong stimulation produces an action potential IT IS THE SECOND REFRACTORY PHASE

164
Q

_conduction velocity WHAT IS IT

A

– speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon

165
Q

_saltatory conduction WHAT IS IT

A

– the form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons, in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

166
Q

_neurotransmitter (or synaptic transmitter)

A

– the chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

167
Q

_postsynaptic potentials WHAT IS IT

A

– local potential that is initiated by stimulation at a synapse (liberation of neurotransmitters at synapse), can vary in amplitude, and spreads into passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance

168
Q

_synaptic delay WHAT IS IT

A

– the brief delay between the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and the creation of a postsynaptic potential

169
Q

_Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) WHAT IS IT

A

– a depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by excitatory connections. EPSPs increase the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential TYPE OF SYNAPSE

170
Q

_inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) WHAT IS IT

A

– a hyperpolarizing potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by inhibitory connections. IPSPs decrease the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential TYPE OF SYNAPSE

171
Q

_spatial summation

A

– the summation at the axon hillock of postsynaptic potentials from across the cell body. If this summation reaches threshold, an action potential is triggered

172
Q

_temporal summation

A

– the summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times. The closer in time that the potentials occur, the more complete the summation

173
Q

_phagocytosis what it is and where it happens

A

– the process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration -glia cells, astrocyte

174
Q

Telencephalon/Diencephalon DEVIDED BY ???

A

CHIASMA OPTICUM (optic nerves)

175
Q

_cerebral commissures, what is it

A

– tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres directly, the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure are the largest

176
Q

corpus callosum, what is it

A

one of the largest cerebral commissures together with anterior commissure

177
Q

anterior commissure, what is it

A

one of the largest cerebral commissures together with corpus callosum

178
Q

cerebral aqueduct, what and where is it

A

is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain), contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesencephalon and metencephalon, located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum.

179
Q

_area postrema, where and what is it

A

– a region of the medulla where the blood- brain barrier is weak, poisons can be detected there and can initiate vomiting

180
Q

_axoplasmic transport

A

– an active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon

181
Q

_anterograde axoplasmic transport (same as orthodromic conduction)

A

– movement from the soma (cell body) to the terminal bottoms IT IS AN AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT

182
Q

_retrograde axoplasmic transport (same as antidromic conduction)

A

– movement from the terminal bottoms to the soma (cell body) IT IS AN AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT

183
Q

_cytoskeleton , what is it and parts

A

– formed of microtubules and other protein fibres, linked to each other and forming a cohesive mass that gives a cell its shape. PARTS: microtubule

184
Q

_microtubule, what is it and location

A

– a long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around a hollow core, part of the cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substances from place to place within the cell

185
Q

_enzymes, what is it

A

– molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts

186
Q

_Chromosomes (long strands of DNA), what is it

A

– contain genetic information, and when active portions of chromosomes cause production of another molecule,

187
Q

_ messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) , what is it

A

– a macromolecule that delivers genetic information concerning the synthesis of a protein from a portion of a chromosome to a ribosome

188
Q

_deoxyribonucleic acid , what is it?

A

DNA

189
Q

_exocytosis , what is it and where it happens

A

– a process that includes the secretion of a substance by a cell through means of vesicles, the process by which neurotransmitters are secreted HAPPENS IN GOLGI COMPLEX

190
Q

_lysosome , what is it and location

A

– an organelle surrounded by membrane, contains enzymes that break down waste products LOCATED IN GOLGI COMPLEX

191
Q

_interneurons , what are they

A

– their function is to integrate the neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another. They have a short axon or no axon

192
Q

_electrode , what is it

A

– a conductive medium that can be used to apply electrical stimulation or to record electrical potentials

193
Q

_microelectrode, what is it

A

– a very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons

194
Q

_graded responses , what are they and types

A

– the amplitudes are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them (weak signals cause small postsynaptic potentials, strong ones cause big ones) TYPES: _inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSPs) _Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs)

195
Q

_membrane potential

A

– the electrical charge across a cell membrane, the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell

196
Q

_resting potential

A

– the membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

197
Q

ACTION POTENTIALS NOT GRADED RESPONSES, but…………………….?

A

ALL OR NONE response

198
Q

_all or none property

A

– the principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated, without decrement, to the end of the fibre Supported by _rate law

199
Q

_rate law

A

– the principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which that axon fires SUPPORTS ALL OR NONE PROPERTY

200
Q

_conduction velocity

A

– speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon

201
Q

_neurotransmitter (or synaptic transmitter)

A

– the chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

202
Q

_saltatory conduction

A

– the form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons, in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next.

203
Q
A
203
Q
A
203
Q
A
204
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMITION, steps and what is it?

A

Transporting information across a synapse

Body and Behaviour (8 decks)

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