TASK 8

Question 1

DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Answer 1

_oral ingestion
_injection
_inhalation
_absorption through mucous membranes

Question 2

DRUG ACTION

Answer 2

_act diffusely on neural membranes throughout the CNS.
_act by binding to a particular synaptic receptor
_act by influencing synthesis
_ act by influencing transport
_ act by influencing release
_deactivation of a particular neurotransmitters
_act by influencing the chain of chemical reactions elicited in postsynaptic neurons by the activation of their receptors

Question 3

_drug craving

Answer 3

– affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug

Question 4

_drug tolerance

Answer 4

– it is a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it. It can be demonstrated by
_showing that a given dose of the drug has less effect than it had before drug exposure
_showing that it takes more of the drug to produce the same effect

Question 5

_cross tolerance

Answer 5

– one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism

Question 6

_drug sensitization

Answer 6

– increasing sensitivity to a drug, tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug while sensitivity to other effects of the same drug increases

Question 7

_metabolic tolerance

Answer 7

– drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its site of action

Question 8

_functional tolerance

Answer 8

– drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug
_can result from several different types of adaptive neural changes

Question 9

_contingent drug tolerance

Answer 9

– demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced. If you have to do a task after taking a drug, you’ll get tolerant to the drug in order to perform the task as good as possible. If the drug is taken after doing a task, tolerance is not experienced. This tolerance focuses on what subjects do while they are under the influence of drugs

Question 10

_conditioned drug tolerance

Answer 10

– demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered
_individuals are more susceptible to the lethal effects of a drug overdose when the drug is administered in a new context
_if the drug user administers the usual massive dose in an unusual situation, tolerance effects are not present to counteract the effects of the drug, and there is a greater risk of death from overdose

Question 11

_conditioned compensatory response

Answer 11

– it is an automatic response that the body and mind experience that is opposite of the effects of a drug (ex. Alcohol). This, paired with unconditioned stimuli, supports the addiction. Or more directly, most alcohol or drug consumption occurs within some sort of behavioural framework.
_For example, some people grab a beer or pour a drink immediately after getting home from work. When the body is accustomed to this pattern it will start to prepare itself for an influx of alcohol and start producing a chemical response that keeps the individual from feeling drunk immediately

Question 12

_exteroceptive stimuli

Answer 12

(external, public stimuli, such as the drug administration environment) – conditional stimuli in conditioned compensatory responses

Question 13

_interoceptive stimuli

Answer 13

(internal, private stimuli such as feelings produced by the drug taking before and after) – unconditioned

Question 14

_Withdrawal syndrome

Answer 14

– after significant amounts of a drug have been in the body for a period of time (several days) its sudden elimination can trigger an adverse physiological reaction.
_Effects are opposite of what a drug does (sleep pills deprivation makes people suffer insomnia even more)
_longer exposure to greater doses followed by more rapid elimination produces greater withdrawal effects

Question 15

_physically dependent

Answer 15

– individuals who suffer withdrawal syndrome when they stop taking a drug

Question 16

_antagonist-precipitated withdrawal

Answer 16

– Sudden withdrawal from long-term administration of a drug caused by cessation of the drug and administration of an antagonistic drug

Question 17

Orphan receptor

Answer 17

– any receptor for which no endogenous ligand has yet been discovered

Question 18

_novelty seeking

Answer 18

–a behavioural trait commonly associated with initial drug taking in humans

Question 19

_positive incentive value

Answer 19

(wanting the drug) the anticipated pleasure associated with an action

Question 20

_hedonic value

Answer 20

– (liking the drug) refers to the amount of pleasure that is actually experienced

Question 21

_negative reinforcement

Answer 21

– The removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus that is contingent on a particular response, with an attendant increase in the frequency of that response

Question 22

_incentive sensitization theory

Answer 22

– why some drug users become addicted and why some do not? Positive incentive value increases (becoming sensitized) with repeated drug use in addiction-prone individuals

Question 23

_anhedonia

Answer 23

– general inability to experience pleasure in response to natural reinforces

Question 24

_stress

Answer 24

CAUSE OF REPEATED RELAPSE

Question 25

_drug priming

Answer 25

CAUSE OF REPEATED RELAPSE

– single exposure to the formerly misused drug , they say “just once, first and last time” so they feel better

Question 26

_exposure to cues

Answer 26

CAUSE OF REPEATED RELAPSE

like people, time, places or objects , change those cues and you may change your addiction

Question 27

_incubation of drug craving

Answer 27

– cues presented soon after drug withdrawal are less likely to elicit craving and relapse than cues presented later

Question 28

Fast drugs

Answer 28

– more dangerous than slow drugs because you really can feel the immediate effect, thus you become addicted

Question 29

DOPAMINE AND REWARD?

Answer 29

According to most textbooks when the dopamine pathway running from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens in the forebrain is activated, the release of dopamine into the forebrain nucleus accumbens is believed to cause feelings of pleasure

Question 30

_the disease model

Answer 30

– The disease model of addiction describes an addiction as a disease with biological, neurological, genetic, and environmental sources of origin. The traditional medical model of disease requires only that an abnormal condition be present that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the individual afflicted. The contemporary med-ical model attributes addiction, in part, to changes in the brain’s mesolimbic pathway

Question 31

_the physical dependency model

Answer 31

– Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms

Question 32

_the positive reinforcement model

Answer 32

– Reinforcement refers to the response that is probable after stimulus. Reinforce-ment can be positive or negative. Positive reinforcement means that the activity or situation have beneficial outcomes such as pleasure or reward. Negative reinforcement refers to the removal or cessation of negative feelings or behav-iours when an activity or situation occurs. In relation to drugs, positive and negative reinforcement are both required to instil a certain behaviour in a person such as an addiction. When a person takes drugs or consumes alcohol, they may have rewarding outcomes, have fun and perhaps make new friends. When they are not under the influence, there may be negative outcomes, such as feeling socially awkward and shy. These two combined may increase the chance that a dependency or addiction may develop. The positive and negative reinforcement of the drug use may contribute to the behaviour being repeated