TASK 8 Flashcards
DRUG ADMINISTRATION
_oral ingestion
_injection
_inhalation
_absorption through mucous membranes
DRUG ACTION
_act diffusely on neural membranes throughout the CNS.
_act by binding to a particular synaptic receptor
_act by influencing synthesis
_ act by influencing transport
_ act by influencing release
_deactivation of a particular neurotransmitters
_act by influencing the chain of chemical reactions elicited in postsynaptic neurons by the activation of their receptors
_drug craving
– affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug
_drug tolerance
– it is a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it. It can be demonstrated by
_showing that a given dose of the drug has less effect than it had before drug exposure
_showing that it takes more of the drug to produce the same effect
_cross tolerance
– one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism
_drug sensitization
– increasing sensitivity to a drug, tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug while sensitivity to other effects of the same drug increases
_metabolic tolerance
– drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its site of action
_functional tolerance
– drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug
_can result from several different types of adaptive neural changes
_contingent drug tolerance
– demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced. If you have to do a task after taking a drug, you’ll get tolerant to the drug in order to perform the task as good as possible. If the drug is taken after doing a task, tolerance is not experienced. This tolerance focuses on what subjects do while they are under the influence of drugs
_conditioned drug tolerance
– demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered
_individuals are more susceptible to the lethal effects of a drug overdose when the drug is administered in a new context
_if the drug user administers the usual massive dose in an unusual situation, tolerance effects are not present to counteract the effects of the drug, and there is a greater risk of death from overdose
_conditioned compensatory response
– it is an automatic response that the body and mind experience that is opposite of the effects of a drug (ex. Alcohol). This, paired with unconditioned stimuli, supports the addiction. Or more directly, most alcohol or drug consumption occurs within some sort of behavioural framework.
_For example, some people grab a beer or pour a drink immediately after getting home from work. When the body is accustomed to this pattern it will start to prepare itself for an influx of alcohol and start producing a chemical response that keeps the individual from feeling drunk immediately
_exteroceptive stimuli
(external, public stimuli, such as the drug administration environment) – conditional stimuli in conditioned compensatory responses
_interoceptive stimuli
(internal, private stimuli such as feelings produced by the drug taking before and after) – unconditioned
_Withdrawal syndrome
– after significant amounts of a drug have been in the body for a period of time (several days) its sudden elimination can trigger an adverse physiological reaction.
_Effects are opposite of what a drug does (sleep pills deprivation makes people suffer insomnia even more)
_longer exposure to greater doses followed by more rapid elimination produces greater withdrawal effects
_physically dependent
– individuals who suffer withdrawal syndrome when they stop taking a drug
_antagonist-precipitated withdrawal
– Sudden withdrawal from long-term administration of a drug caused by cessation of the drug and administration of an antagonistic drug
Orphan receptor
– any receptor for which no endogenous ligand has yet been discovered
_novelty seeking
–a behavioural trait commonly associated with initial drug taking in humans
_positive incentive value
(wanting the drug) the anticipated pleasure associated with an action
_hedonic value
– (liking the drug) refers to the amount of pleasure that is actually experienced
_negative reinforcement
– The removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus that is contingent on a particular response, with an attendant increase in the frequency of that response
_incentive sensitization theory
– why some drug users become addicted and why some do not? Positive incentive value increases (becoming sensitized) with repeated drug use in addiction-prone individuals
_anhedonia
– general inability to experience pleasure in response to natural reinforces
_stress
CAUSE OF REPEATED RELAPSE
_drug priming
CAUSE OF REPEATED RELAPSE
– single exposure to the formerly misused drug , they say “just once, first and last time” so they feel better
_exposure to cues
CAUSE OF REPEATED RELAPSE
like people, time, places or objects , change those cues and you may change your addiction
_incubation of drug craving
– cues presented soon after drug withdrawal are less likely to elicit craving and relapse than cues presented later
Fast drugs
– more dangerous than slow drugs because you really can feel the immediate effect, thus you become addicted
DOPAMINE AND REWARD?
According to most textbooks when the dopamine pathway running from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens in the forebrain is activated, the release of dopamine into the forebrain nucleus accumbens is believed to cause feelings of pleasure
_the disease model
– The disease model of addiction describes an addiction as a disease with biological, neurological, genetic, and environmental sources of origin. The traditional medical model of disease requires only that an abnormal condition be present that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the individual afflicted. The contemporary med-ical model attributes addiction, in part, to changes in the brain’s mesolimbic pathway
_the physical dependency model
– Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms
_the positive reinforcement model
– Reinforcement refers to the response that is probable after stimulus. Reinforce-ment can be positive or negative. Positive reinforcement means that the activity or situation have beneficial outcomes such as pleasure or reward. Negative reinforcement refers to the removal or cessation of negative feelings or behav-iours when an activity or situation occurs. In relation to drugs, positive and negative reinforcement are both required to instil a certain behaviour in a person such as an addiction. When a person takes drugs or consumes alcohol, they may have rewarding outcomes, have fun and perhaps make new friends. When they are not under the influence, there may be negative outcomes, such as feeling socially awkward and shy. These two combined may increase the chance that a dependency or addiction may develop. The positive and negative reinforcement of the drug use may contribute to the behaviour being repeated
