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Personality & Individual Differences > Task 8 - Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Task 8 - Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Stable & enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior emerging in adolescence or early adulthood

  • > deviate from culture and are pervasive and influexible in many life aspects
  • > lead to distress or impairment
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2
Q

Criteria of Disorders

A

Must involve negative consequences for functioning and happiness of individuals and/or others around him/her

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3
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders volume 5
-> classified into three groups/clusters according to their similarity of symptoms

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4
Q

Cluster A

A

“odd, eccentric”
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Paranoid

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5
Q

Schizoid

A

Extreme detachment from social relationshps, limited expression of emotions interpersonally
-> prefer to be alone, feel little joy or pleasure even in nonsocial settings

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6
Q

Schizotypal

A

Detachment from social relationships

  • > extreme discomfort with relationships, odd thinking and eccentric behaviors
  • > e.g. highly superstitious
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7
Q

Paranoid

A

Detachment from social relationships

  • > strong suspiciousness of others motives and feel persecuted (without reason)
  • > quick to take offence and being insulted
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8
Q

Cluster B

A 
"dramatic, emotional, erratic"
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
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9
Q

Antisocial

A

Tendency to disregard and violate rights of others

  • > deceitful, lying, and conning for personal gain
  • > feel no guilt
  • > aggressive, irresponsible, impulsive, reckless
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10
Q

Borderline

A

Extremely instabile self-image and relationships with others

  • > impulsive
  • > intense and unstable relationships with others, fears of abandonment
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11
Q

Borderline typical behaviors

A 
Drug & alcohol abuse
Binge eating
Spending sprees
Sexual escapades
Self-harming behavior
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12
Q

Histrionic

A

Exaggerated display of emotions and excessive attention seeking

  • > crave to be center of attention (typically draw attention by physical appearance)
  • > are suggestible, easily influenced by others (consider casual relationships as closer than they are)
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13
Q

Narcissistic

A

Grandiosity: consider themselves superior and deserving of admiration

  • > selfish, lack of concern for others
  • > often arrogant and exploiting
  • > status oriented
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14
Q

Cluster C

A

“anxious, fearful”
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive

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15
Q

Avoidant

A

Social inhibition, shyness, feelings of inadequacy, oversensitive to negative evaluation

  • > low self-esteem, afraid of embarassment, criticism, rejection
  • > lack of social contact (even though they want it)
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16
Q

Dependent

A

Excessive need to be taken care of,

  • > submissive clinging behavior
  • > always need advice and reassurance
  • > lack of confidence: need others to make decisions
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17
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive

A

Preoccupied with orderliness, perfection and control

  • > too perfectionistic: sometimes fail to complete tasks, don’t delegate tasks
  • > work over relationships, stubborn, inflexible
  • > not OCD (involves repeated behaviors)
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18
Q

DSM-5 classification criticism

A

Symptoms of a disorder often not correlating

  • > possible that two persons diagnosed with same disorder do not have symptoms in common
  • > comorbidity: overlapping symptoms,
  • > disorders do not match factor analysis
  • > disorders as continuum not category
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19
Q

Convergent construct validity

A

A disorder is exptected to always show similar symptoms

-> not given with DSM-5

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20
Q

Discriminant construct validity

A

No comorbidity,

  • > correlations of symptoms higher within a disorder than with other disorders
  • > lacks in DSM-5
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21
Q

Alternative System for Diagnostic of Personality Disorders

A

Distinction between self-problems and interpersonal problems

  • pathological personality traits
  • continuum system
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22
Q

Self problems

A

Impairment in one’s identity and self-direction

  • > Identity problems (unstable self-esteem, inability to regulate emotions)
  • > self-direction problems (goal-setting, inability to reflect)
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23
Q

Interpersonal problems

A

Empathy problems: inability to take others perspective (e.g. understand emotions)
Intimacy Problems: lack relationships, inability to engage in relationships, unwillingness to cooperate

24
Q

Pathological Personality traits

A

Alternative to DSM-5:

  • negative affectivity
  • detachment
  • antagonism
  • disinhibition
  • psychoticism
25
Q

Diagnosing personality disorders

A

Conducting structured interview;

-> patient has to display oth impairment in self- and interpersonal functioning and pathological personality traits

26
Q

Essential for PD diagnosis

A

Stable across time and situations

  • behavior must deviate from person’s stage of development and culture
  • effects can’t be due to effects of substances or a medical condition
27
Q

Origins of Personality Disorders

A

Represent maldaptive levels of personality dimensions

  • Borderline: high heritability (.4)
  • schizotypal: may be personality type
  • > origins still highly unknown
28
Q

Treatment Methods for Personality Disorders

A 
Psychosocial treatment:
-Psychodynamic psychotherapy
-Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
-dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Pharmacotherapy
-Psychobiological treatments
29
Q

Difficulties of PD treatment

A

Disorders not based on external conditions that can be modified

  • > individual: stable
  • Extreme reactions (borderline) or deceitfulness (Antisocial) hard to treat
  • egosyntonic: see no issues with themselves
30
Q

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

A

Trying to help patient with expression of emotions

  • identifying recurring behavior patterns
  • examining relationships
  • helping patient to explore own mental life
  • > improving self-understanding and self-functioning
31
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

For personality disorders involving dysfunctional self-views and surrounding world or future

  • > goals: understanding beliefs
  • showing patient that beliefs are maladaptive
32
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A

For Borderline

  • making patient aware of current thoughts and feelings
  • > goals: self-reflection, mindfulness
33
Q

Psychobiological treatment

A

Disorder as due to imbalances of chemical substances in brain
-> drugs admistered to reduce symptoms and restare balance

34
Q

Issue with treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

It’s in patient’s best interest to appear as though they’re cured:

  • deceive and lie to clinician calculatedly
  • > higher probability of future offence after therapy
  • > better: showing them consequences (e.g. jail)
35
Q

Main PD classification systems

A

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

DSM-5

36
Q

Prevalence of Personality Disorders

A

4-15% in Europe and NA

-> ~10%

37
Q

Issues with diagnosis of PDs

A

No quick and reliable way to diagnose

  • comorbidity problem
  • overdiagnosing
38
Q

Mild personality disorder

A
  • still able to maintain and be interested in friends
  • intermittent, minor conflicts with peers
  • occasionally withdrawn, isolated
  • capable of sustaining employmnet
  • > no substantial harm to self and others
39
Q

Moderate Personality Disorder

A

Problems in most interpersonal relationships and in occupation

  • > past history and future expectation of harm to self and others
  • > no long-term damage or life-endangerment
40
Q

Severe personality disorder

A

Severe problems in interpersonal functioning

  • affects all areas of life
  • no friends, unwilling to sustain occupation
  • past history and future expectation of harm to self and others; long-term damage, life-endangering
41
Q

Personality disorder across life span

A

Evidence: PDs have roots in childhood and adolescence

  • effects of PD related to neuroticism or negative affect diminish later in life (>65)
  • personality becomes increasingly stable and adaptive later in life
42
Q

Influence of PD late in life

A

Sooner mortality,

  • more functional loss
  • worse health
  • more cognitive decline
43
Q

Pharmacotherapy

A

Assumes behavioral traits associated with personality disorders associated with neurochemical abnormalities in CNS
-> drug treatment

44
Q

Aims of drug treatment

A

Focus on specific aspects of PD e.g. cognitive-perceptual disturbances

45
Q

Aims of Psychosocial treatments

A

Reduce life-threatening symptoms

  • improve distressing mental state symptoms
  • targetting of practical issues
46
Q

Cluster A treatment

A 
-Most difficult to treat
Psychosocial: 
-bareley done
-schizotypal: CBT
Pharmacotherapy: 
-schizotypal: antibiotics (unclear risk to benefit ration): improvement in symptoms
-not much evidence
47
Q

Cluster B treatment

A

Psychosocial treatments: improved symptomatic outcomes, no significant improved social funcitoning
-> generalist approach succesful

48
Q

Generalist approaches

A

Supportive,
Focus on managing life situations
Non-intensive
Interruptions expected (not constant)
Psychopharmacological interventions when necessary
-> widely successful even without extensive training

49
Q

Cluster C treatment

A

-best treatable cluster
Psychosocial treatment: improved social function and reduced distress (Psychodynamic)
CBT: more effective for avoidant
Pharmacotherapy: antidepressants

50
Q

Verdict PD treatment

A

Psychosocial treatments show promise
-> especially borderline
Pharmacological treatments need improvement
-> should be aid but not main focus

51
Q

Dark Triad

A

Machiavellianism
Narcissim
Psychopathy

52
Q

Machiavellianism

A

Manipulative personality

  • lack empathy, low affect
  • unconventional views of morality
  • manipulate, lie, exploit
53
Q

Narcissism

A
  • grandiosity, entitlement, dominance, feelings of superiority
  • good first impression: difficulty maintaining long term interpersonal relationships
  • > lack trust and core for others
54
Q

Psychopathy

A

Impulsivity, thrill seeking

  • low empathy and low anxiety
  • antagonistic: feelings of superiority, self-promotion
  • don’t experience fear and anxiety same as normal people
55
Q

Dark personality classification

A

Subclinical: between normal personality and clinical-level pathology

56
Q

Dark personality and Work outcomes

A

Can be destructive in nature or its effect (intention & outcome)

  • personality characteristics associated with corporate success
  • extreme levels on dark triad: problematic for leaders
  • modest dark triad levels optimal

Personality & Individual Differences (9 decks)

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