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Personality & Individual Differences > Task 6 - Plasticity of Personality > Flashcards

Task 6 - Plasticity of Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Spouse Similarity

A

Spouses only slightly similar for most characteristics (small positive correlations)
-> higher similarity for mental ability, religiosity, political attitudes

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2
Q

Marital Satisfaction

A

People higher in Agreeableness and Emotional Stability (.30,.40) have higher marital satisfaction

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3
Q

Attachment styles

A

Relationship quality only weakly related with attahment style

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4
Q

Parenting styles

A

Nurturing: affectionate and supportive
Restrictive: demand obedience and are punitive
Knowledgeable (know aobut friends and activities)
-> higher Openenness and extraversion: more nurturing, less restrictive

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5
Q

Friendship and similarity

A

Friends tend to be similar in Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience
-> might be due to value-sharing

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6
Q

Popular children

A

Low in aggression, high in sociability

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7
Q

Rejected children

A

High in aggression, low in sociability

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8
Q

Neglected children

A

Low in aggression, low in sociability

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9
Q

Substance use and personality

A

abusers:
lower in conscientiousness,
low in Emotional stability,

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10
Q

Longevity and Personality

A

Relatedness of personality with long life

  • > associated with conscientiousness, social dependability
  • > less likely to engage in health-damaging behaviors
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11
Q

Heart Disease & Personality

A

Type A personality associated with increased probability of heart disease

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12
Q

Type A personality

A

Competitiveness, impatience, excessive job involvement, hostility, time urgancy

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13
Q

Academic Performance & Personality

A

Conscientiousness: strongest and most consistent predictor

-> correlation with GPA: .25

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14
Q

Law-abidingness/criminality & Personality

A

Criminality ssociated with self-control

-> criminals not more motivated but worse at inhibiting

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15
Q

Primary Psychopathy

A

Active, intentional psychopaths;

-deceitful, grandiose, selfish, manipulative

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16
Q

Secondary Psychopathy

A

Passive, unintentional psychopaths;

-impulsive, irresponsible, might harm in affect (not on purpose)

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17
Q

Aggression and personality

A

Aggression displayed by people with low self-esteem and narcissism

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18
Q

Life Satisfaction & Personality

A

Heritable: .40

  • increases or decreases in response to life events
  • positively correlated with self-esteem, cheerfulness,
  • negatively associated: depressiveness
  • > .20 with Extraversion and Emotional Stability
19
Q

Selection Effects

A

Personality predicting the kinds of events you tend to experience

20
Q

Socialization Effects

A

Major life events shaping your personality

21
Q

Increases of Personality Traits over life duration

A

Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability and assertive aspects of Extraversion tend to increase

22
Q

Maturation of personality

A

Phenomenon of most personality factors gradually becoming higher throughout life

  • > esp. better impulse control and more stable behavior
  • > no increases in Openness or sociability
  • > might reflect greater sense of purpose and direction
23
Q

Social Investment Hypothesis

A

Explanation for change in personality traits after being put in certain social role
-> personality traits change according to social role you are put in

24
Q

Personality Stability

A

Stable across several year, less stability over longer periods of time in adulthood
-> slight changes during several years become more significant in total after many yeasr

25
Q

Personality Stability during adolescene and young adulthood

A

Traits are stable, but not as stable as for older adults

-> personality undergoes some changes during adolescence and adulthood

26
Q

Personality Stability during childhood and infancy

A

The younger the less stable, but still quite predictive of later personality

27
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Related to Extraversion and Emotional Stability

  • > high during childhood
  • > drops during adolescence
  • > levels moderate during young adulthood
  • > higher levels during middle ages, drop in old age
28
Q

Major Life Events

A

Events that have an impact on personality

-> how one thinks, feels, and behaves

29
Q

Neo-Socioanalytic Model

A

Major life events resulting in important new social role

  • > expected to result in personality changes
  • > requirements: awareness of expectations of new role and ability and willingness to change personality
30
Q

Plasticity Principle

A

Assumes personality changes can occur at any age

31
Q

Social Investment Principle

A

Assumes individuals can change because of investment in social roles

32
Q

Transactional Paradigm

A

Major life events impact personality development differently depending on the type of event
-> only if transparent role demands are available

33
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium Model

A

Assumes: personality changes in reaction to major life events only temporary

  • > individuals differing in set points
  • > people will gravitate back to set point (speed depends on severity of event)
34
Q

Paradoxical Theory of Personality Coherence

A

Expects personality to be stable in face of major life events when info lacks about which traits are adaptive
-> change only if role demands clear

35
Q

Personality in response to stressful events

A

Decrease in emotional stability (adverse events)

Increase in reactino to positive events (positive events)

36
Q

State artifact position

A

Changes in personality trait measures appearing as result of therapy attributed to state-level variance in personality
-> evidence against: therapy actually produces lasting changes

37
Q

Cause-correction hypothesis

A

Changes through psychological outcomes result from changes in trait component and not just state component
-> supported by evidence (therapy interventions with lasting personality changes)

38
Q

Heritability

A

Estimate of individual differences explained by variability

39
Q

GE interplay

A

Gene-environment correlation & gene-environment interaction

40
Q

Malleability

A

Determined by independent environmental effects and GE interplay
-> the more environment causes in variation the higher malleability

41
Q

Gene-environment correlation (rGE)

A

individuals with particular genotypes more likely to experience particular environments

  • passive
  • reactive/evocative
  • active
42
Q

Gene-environment interactions (GxE)

A

Genotypes vary in environmental sensitivity

-> different genotypes have different experiences to the same environment

43
Q

Heritability of intelligence

A

Heritability high, still greatly affected by normal environmental variation
-> high heritability and malleability

Personality & Individual Differences (9 decks)

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