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MC > Task 8 > Flashcards

Task 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hub lesions ?

A

-> area with many regions more dangerous

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2
Q

What are peripheral lesions ?

A

-> area with less connection -> less dangerous

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3
Q

What is meant by reverse engineering ?

A

-> to infer the function of a component (or region) by observing what the rest of the cognitive system can and can’t do when that component (or region) is removed

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4
Q

What is meant by classical neuropsychology ?

A

-> Addresses questions of functional specialization “ What functions are disrupted by damage to region x”

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5
Q

Which studies are favoured by for adreesing the classical neuropsychology question ?

A
  • > gorup studies
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6
Q

What type of group studies exist ?

A
  • > Grouped by syndrome
  • > Grouped by cognitive symptoms
  • > Grouped by anatomical lesion
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7
Q

Explain how groups are formed in “ Grouped by syndrome condition “

A

-> having a cluster of symptoms (less specific)

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8
Q

Explain how groups are formed in “Grouped by cognitive symptoms”

A

-> having one particular symptom (more specific)

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9
Q

Explain how groups are formed in “Grouped by anatomical leson”

A

->Grouped by damaged region

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10
Q

Why are Grouped studies better then single case studies ?

A

-> SInce Theories can be established but individual differences must be canceled

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11
Q

What is meant by Cognitive neuropsychology ?

A

-> Tries to answer what the building blocks of cognition are

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12
Q

What types of studies do cognitive psychology favor ?

A

-> Single case studies

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13
Q

Name some information about single case studies:

A

-> Single case studies can not develop cognitive theories but still give valubale knowledge

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14
Q

How are lesion caused ?

A
  • > Via TMS

- > Naturally caused lesions

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15
Q

What is meant by Localization of function?

A

-> idea that certain functions have certain locations or areas within the brain (broca areas

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16
Q

What are the assumption of lesion studies ?

A
  1. Fractionation assumption
  2. Transparency assumption
  3. Universallity assumption
  4. Localization assumption
17
Q

What is meant by the Fractionation assumption ? Also name the problem with that assumption

A
  • > damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesion / impairments
  • > Problem: neurons forming a cognitive model can be distantly distributed
18
Q

What is meant by the Transparency assumption ? Also name the problem with that assumption

A
  • > loesions affect one or more components within the preexisting cognitive system but do not result in a completely new cognitive system being created
  • > Only true when studied in adulthood + soon after injury
19
Q

What is meant by the Universality assumption ? Also name the problem with that assumption

A
  • > all cognitive systems are basically identical

- > Problem individual differences

20
Q

What is meant by the Localization assumption ? Also name the problem with that assumption

A
  • > discrete anatomical modules (separated brain parts) deal with different cognitive functions
  • > BUT: Many brain functions are carried out with large portions of the brain working rather than one region having a fixed function
21
Q

What is meant by Diaschisis ?

A

-> brain lesion can disrupt the functioning of distant brain regions that are structurally intact via disruption of communication

22
Q

What are limitations of lesion studies ?

A
  • > Plasticity (lesion method)
  • > Temporarily disruption (fmri should test 3 months after )
  • > Can not study every brain area equally good since some areas of the brain are more likely to be damaged by strokes
  • > Localization assumption is not true (Diaschises)
23
Q

What is the main problem of lesion method ?

A

Temproal resolution is poor

24
Q

Name some pro of fmri studies vs lesion

A
  • > Better temporal reolustion
  • > Can show every part that is involved in the task
  • > No plasticity problem / vulnerability
  • > do not need damaged brain
25
Q

Name some CON of fmri studies vs lesion

A
  • > intepretation issues

- > Again necessity or random activation

26
Q

Name some PRO of Lesion method vs fmri

A

-> Lesion method can explain necessity / dirctely involvement

27
Q

Name some CON of Lesion method vs fmri

A

-> worse temporal reolustion
-> Can not show every part that is involved in the task
-> plasticity problem / vulnerability
.> need damaged brain

28
Q

What is meant by neglect ?

A
  • > Damage in one hemisphere -> Mostly right
  • > Eye movements are biased in the direction of the right visual field (only see the right side)
  • > Deficit in attentional capacity
29
Q

What is meant by single disscoiation ? (draw graph)

A
  • > If a patient is impaired on a particular task (task A) but relatively stable on another task (B)
  • > Therefore for each task they use diff cognitive processes with diff neural resources
30
Q

What is a classical single dissociation ?

A

-> patient performs entirely normal on one task and on the other not

31
Q

-> What is a Strong single dissociation

A

-> impaired on both tasks, but significantly more impaired on one of them

32
Q

What is meant by a hierarchical relationship?

A
  • > 2 functions are separate to some degree, but one of them is necessary for the other
  • > Example: blindness & inability to read visual material)
33
Q

What is meant by task resource artifact ?

A

-> Task A & B may use same resources but one requires more of it than the other

34
Q

What is meant by task-demand artifact ?

A

-> Single dissociation occurs bc patient performs one of the tasks suboptimal

35
Q

What is the danger of single dissociation ?

A

-> FINDINGS COULD BE TO NON SPECIFIC EFFECTS

36
Q

What is a double dissociation ? Draw a graph ?

A
  • > 2 single dissociations in different brain regions that have a complementary problems
  • > Each lesion-impairment serves as control for the other
37
Q

Give an example of double dissociation:

A
  • > Patient 1: impaired on Task A & relatively good on Task B
  • > Patient 2: relatively good on Task A & impaired on Task B
  • > Broca and wernicka area
38
Q

Why is the double dissociation better than the single dissociation?

A
  • > Reduces the possibility that findings could be to non specific effects
  • > More rare to find
39
Q

Why do we need a control group in single and double dissoctaion studies ?

A

-> To rule out the possibility that the lack of function can not be caused by any lesion but just by the speciif one

MC (9 decks)

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