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MC > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we meassure reaction time (RT) ?

A
  • Mental processes have no physical characteristics like weight or color that can be manipulated or measured
  • But mental process take time (which is a pysical property)
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2
Q

What is meant by Simple RT ?

A
  • One possible stimulus (sensory) and one possible response (motor)
  • Short summary: Sensory + motor
  • Example: 1 button, hit when you see a stimulus
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3
Q

What did donders subtraction method wanted to find out ?

A
  • how fast do we process external stimuli
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4
Q

Describe the Method of Donders Subtraction Method:

A
  • Task A: Simple RT
  • Task B: 2 Choice RT
  • Task C: go nogo
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5
Q

What is meant by 2 Choice Rt ?

A
  • Example: 2 buttons, hit left when you see one stimulus, right when you see the other one
  • Short summary: sensory + discrimination + response selection + motor
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6
Q

What is meant by Go nogo RT?

A
  • Example: 1 button; hit when you see one stimulus, withhold when you see another
  • Short Summary: sensory + discrimination + motor
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7
Q

What can we compute based on the Donders Subtraction Method ?

A
  • Discrimination time = RT (C) – RT (A)

- Response selection time = RT (B) – RT (C)

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8
Q

What are the problmes with the donders subtraction method?

A
  • Pure insertion does not exist (identified in go nogo task -> negative durations)
  • It is all based on intuitive arguments not emparical
  • Assumptions are to strong
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9
Q

What are the assumptions of the subtraction model?

A
  • Seriality: Processing stages are successive & and strictly follow serial processing
  • We assume to know the sequence of the stages
  • Pure insertion: if we insert a stage, the rest does not change
  • > Sensory and motor process are completely identical in different task
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10
Q

How could you describe the overall Method of Donders subtraction Model?

A
  • Construct two tasks that differ in one component of processing and measure RT in both task -> then subtract the reaction times
  • U get the duraction of the single component
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11
Q

What is the operational definition of RT ?

A

Opertaional defintion:

  • Time interval between stimulus onset and over response
  • Based on the assumption that one acts as fast as possible
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12
Q

What is the theoretical definiton of RT ?

A

-Minimum time need to react as fast a possible

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13
Q

What are “ERRORS” in RT test?

A

False response to a stimuli
o Not paying attention
o Confused by the instructions
o Speed over > accuracy -> Also known as the speed accuracy tradeoff

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14
Q

Explain the Speed accuracy tradeoff:

A
  • Speed emphasis lots of errors -> producing chance accuracy
  • Optimal would be normal speed emphasis instructions to gain maximum accuracy
  • It is all about being fast and accurate !! ( But in general people are avoiding erros )
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15
Q

What are outliers ? And when do they occur ?

A
  • When averaging the RT

- Those are extremely slow or fast reactions which effect mRT SD and variance

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16
Q

How do ouliers occur ?

A

o Inattentiveness of the stimuli (slow)
o Incomplete stimulus analysis
o Or due to guess (fast)

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17
Q

How can outliers be avoided ?

A

Trail lvl 1

  • Clear instructions
  • Feedback
  • Keep the experiment short
  • Or use either: Medians trimmed means or C standard deviation method

Subject lvl 2

  • Avoid ill particpants
  • But do not just trough them out for no reason
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18
Q

What are the stages of Information processing?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Identification
  3. Response selection
  4. Motor execution
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19
Q

What are the cons of RT methods?

A
  • Reflects only the end product of cognitive processing: the actual cognitive functions are hidden
  • We must assume those functions
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20
Q

What was the goal of Sternbergs memory Serach Task?

A
  • It Identifies that our memory uses serial processing
  • tested the hypothesis that “If comparison could be done simultaneously for all items, the RT should be independent of the number of items in the set”
  • > Conclusion RT was not indeppindent !
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21
Q

What was the method of Sterberg memory task ?

A
  • In each trial participants see a set of letters to memorise (1/2/4 letters)
  • Then they see a letter and must decide via button press whether it was part of the set (two buttons, yes and no)
  • dependent variable is reaction time.
  • > USED REPEATED SUBTRACTION
22
Q

What is the task of the particpant in the Steinberg memroy task ?

A
  1. Encode: participant must identify the visible target.
  2. Compare: participant must compare the mental representation of the target with the representations of the items in memory.
  3. Decide: participant must decide whether the target matches one of the memorized items.
  4. Respond: participant must respond appropriately for the decision made in step 3.
23
Q

What is menat by exhaustive search ?

A
  • No stop when item was found -> We Search always till we have reached the end of the stage
  • RT for pos answers = RT for negative answers
24
Q

What is meant by self terminating serach ?

A
  • Searching stops when the item was found

- RT for postive answers < RT negative

25
Q

Which of the two search startgies does our brain use and why ?

A
  • Our brain uses the exhaustive search since the mean reaction time SLOPE for positive and negative responses was identical
26
Q

Explain the set size function:

A
  • It gives us the MEAN RT
  • Mean RT = Intercept + slope * set size (Number of items in memorized set)
    o Intercept = Time needed to scan zero items
    o Slope = the duration of comparing 1 item in memory
    Y axis = Reaction time
    X axis = set size
27
Q

What is the Goal of Sternberg Additive factor model ?

A
  • Discovery of independent stages

- How many stages are there, and what do they do?

28
Q

What are the Assumptions of Sternberg Additive factor Model ?

A
  • Serial processing
  • Independence
  • Stage robustness
  • Manipulations affect duration, not quality of output
29
Q

What is meant by the assumption of Serial processing

A
  • Assume that in a sequence of stages each does some operations and hands output to the next
30
Q

What is meant by the assumption of independency?

A
  • Later stages of processing cannot ‘compensate’ for any delays earlier on
31
Q

What is meant by the assumption of Stage robustness

A
  • the pattern of additivity or interaction among factors does not change if the factors are combined with a new factor.
32
Q

What are the implications of the additive factor Model ?

A
  1. Total RT is simply the sum of the stage durations
  2. Additive effects – if 2 manipulations affect different stages, the effect of one will not depend on the other (lines are completly parallell and have a different intercept)
  3. Interaction – if 2 manipulations modify each other’s effect, they must affect a stage in common (lines are not paralle and have the same intercept
33
Q

What if the intercepts are different but the slopes are identical in a AFM Graph ?

A

Both factor impact differnt stages

-> Additive

34
Q

What if the intercepts are the same but the slopes are different in a AFM Graph ?

A

Both factors effect a stage in comman

-> Interactive

35
Q

Whata are similiarities of the AFM Model and the SDM ?

A
  • Both assume successive stages (seriality)
36
Q

Whata are differnces of the AFM Model and the SDM ?

A
  • Only DSM Assumes pure insertion
  • Different Goals:
    o DSM duration of an inserted stage
    o AFM Discovery of independent processing stages
37
Q

Name an example of paralle processing:

A
  • Word Superiority Effect (look at the word document for set up )
38
Q

Name an exmaple of serial processing:

A
  • Posner letter matching Task (look at the word document for set up)
39
Q

What is meant by Factor ?

A
  • Is an independent variable in an experiment

- Example: gender is an independent variable on reaction time

40
Q

What is meant by Levels ?

A
  • Levels: The set of values of a factor are called its levels.
  • Example: As an gender male, female
41
Q

What is meant by Condition ?

A
  • is the combination of each possible factor lvl
42
Q

What is meant by Effects ?

A
  • Factor F (gender) has two levels, F1 and F2. A effect is the difference between the two levels
43
Q

What is meant by Simple effect ?

A
  • the effect of (one factor = quality) at one particular level of another factor (dose L)
44
Q

What is meant by Main effect ?

A
  • is the mean of all the simple effects
45
Q

What is meant by interaction ?

A
  • If the simple effect of one factor (say, quality) varies with the level of another factor (say, dose), then we say that the two factors interact
46
Q

What is meant by Additive effects ?

A
  • If, the (simple) effect of quality is invariant across levels of the dose factor, their interaction is zero, and quality and dose have additive effects
47
Q

Stages in the AFM are calles also ?

A

Mental modules

48
Q

Whata was one major finding regarding the AFM Model ?

A
  • That with practice only the intercept get reduced

- The slope stays the same

49
Q

What do cognitive psychologist study ?

A
  • Study of mental activity / functions of the mind

- Seek to identify internal processing

50
Q

What is meant by the diffusion model ?

A
  • It explians the distribution of both correct and errors in a 2 choice RT task
  • In general Information is very slowly dripping in which is why you can right away choose between on or the other option
  • Some of the Information might be compatible with both choices
  • We have two decison boundaries (treshold) if too much evidence goes in to the one direction we choose the option
51
Q

What are the benefits of RT ?

A

-> Cheap and easy to measure

MC (9 decks)

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