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body and behavior > Task 6- Sleep > Flashcards

Task 6- Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

EEG (Electroencephalography)

A
  • Electrical recording of major changes in the brain during night’s sleep.
  • EEG signals associated with being awake are different from those found during sleep
  • can measure Different stages of sleep
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2
Q

EMG (Electromyography)

A
  • Electrical recording of muscle activity
  • used because muscle tone also differs between wakefulness and sleep.
  • EMG differences within sleep, depending upon the stage of sleep
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3
Q

EOG

A
  • Electrical recording of eye movements during sleep
  • Very specific measurement that helps identify (REM)
  • Eye balls make characteristic movements
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4
Q

alpha activity

A

IN WAKEFULNESS STAGE

  • Smooth electrical activity
  • associated with a state of relaxation.
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5
Q

beta activity

A

IN WAKEFULNESS STAGE

  • Irregular electrical activity
  • associated with a state of arousal
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6
Q

Theta activity

A

IN STAGE 1

  • slower signals, smaller amplitude
  • during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep
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7
Q

K komplexes

A

IN STAGE 2
sudden sharp waves
only during stage 2 sleep
triggered by noises

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8
Q

sleep spindles

A

IN STAGE 2

short bursts of waves (2-5 times a minute)

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9
Q

delta activity

A

IN STAGE 3,4(3)

-high amplitude, low frequency

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10
Q

wakefullness stage

A
  • alpha activity

- beta activity

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11
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

(NREM1)

  • transition between sleep and wakefulness
  • theta activity
  • vertex spikes
  • Eyelids from time to time slowly open and close and eyes roll up and down
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12
Q

theta activity in stage 1

A

firing of neurons is becoming more synchronised, slower signals, smaller amplitude

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13
Q

vertex spikes

A

sharp waves

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14
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

(NREM2)

  • higher amplitude, lower frequency
  • sleep spindles
  • k komplexes
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15
Q

Stage 3/4

A

(NREM3)

  • slow wave sleep
  • delta activity
  • down state (inhibition period: resting)
  • up state (exhibition period)
  • Only loud noises wake one up, then confused
  • dreams ( nightmares)
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16
Q

REM SLEEP

A
  • EEG desynchronised, high frequency theta and beta activity
  • EMG becomes silent -> loss of muscle tone -> paralysed
  • Most of spinal -, cranial motor neurons strongly inhibited
  • Don’t react to noises but meaningful stimuli such as name
  • Brain very active (dreaming)
  • Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption increase
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17
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

signals supplied to cortex are random and the cortex tries to make sense of it

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18
Q

Sleep cycle

A
  • Each cycle about 90 minutes long
  • 20-30 mins of REM-sleep
  • Most slow wave sleep in first half then more and more stage 2
  • most REM sleep in second half
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19
Q

Adenosin

A
  • control of sleep
  • Wakefulness decreases glycogen levels
  • > causes an increase in extracellular adenosine levels
  • > inhibitory effect on neural activity
  • serves as sleep-promoting substance
  • Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors
  • Less adenosine less SWS
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20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

= role in arousal

-High ACh levels during waking and REM-sleep, low during SWS

21
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • LC (locus coeruleus) neurons increase attention

- Firing high during wakefulness, low during SWS, almost zero during REM

22
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A
  • role in activating behaviour
  • Stimulation causes cortical arousal
  • Facilitation of continuous automatic movements (chewing, pacing,… )
  • Supressing processing of sensory information, precenting reactions that might disrupt ongoing activity
23
Q

Histamine

A

= role in arousal

-High during waking, low during sleeping

24
Q

Orexin/hypocretin

A
  • cell bodies located in lateral hypothalamus

- Most active during active waking, exploratory activity

25
Q

Recuperation theory

A

= being awake disrupts homeostasis (internal physiological stability) and sleep is required to restore it
-Restore energy levels or clear toxins
Why?
pro: animals sleep even when it endangers them

26
Q

adaption theories

A

= sleep result of internal 24-hour timing mechanism

  • Programmed to sleep at night regardless of what happens during the day
  • Highly motivated to engage in sleep but don’t need it to stay healthy
27
Q

niche adaption

A

=forces individual to conform to a particular ecological niche for which it is well adapted

28
Q

Memory consolidation

A

So something about sleep must help brain to retain and form synapses
-Although necessary for survival – not necessarily needed in large quantities

29
Q

Zeitgeber

A

daily cycle of light and dark entrains (controls timing of) circadian rhythms

30
Q

Free-running rhythms

A

= reticular activating system

  • Duration = free running period = relatively constant around 24.2 hrs
  • Internal biological clock that is running a little late without external cues
  • Support for circadian factors over recuperative factors in regulation of sleep
  • Don’t have to be learned
31
Q

Reticular formation

A

= reticular activating system

  • Wakefulness
  • Cycle disrupted when lesion to reticular formation core of brain stem, electrical stimulation awakens
  • Low levels of activity: sleep
  • High levels of activity: wakefulness
32
Q

Reticular REM-Sleep nuclei

A

= REM sleep controlled by nuclei scattered throughout the caudal reticular formation
-REM becomes active when network of independent structures becomes active together

33
Q

Pons

A

sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of limb muscles

34
Q

hypothalamus

A

= switch between REM,NREM and wakefulness

-Hypocretin prevents transition from wakefulness directly into REM

35
Q

Basal forebrain

A
  • promotes sleep and wakefulness

- release of adenosine from cells in the basal forebrain and other regions supports our sleep drive

36
Q

SCN ( Suprachiasmatic nucleus)

A

Clusters of thousands of cells that receive information about light exposure directly from the eyes and control our behavioral / circadian rhythm

37
Q

pineal gland

A

It receives signals from the SCN and increases the production of melatonin (helps us sleep)

38
Q

Insomnia

A

= difficulty falling asleep (sleep-onset) or staying asleep (sleep-maintenance)

  • Sleep-stage misperception: think we weren’t asleep even though we were
  • Situational factors like shift work contribute
  • Nearly everybody (especially those who snore) have it occasionally but not to the extent that it interferes with sleep
  • During an episode: level of CO2 in blood rises and stimulates chemoreceptors -> wake up gasping for air
39
Q

sleep apnea

A

unable to sleep and breathe at the same time

40
Q

Narcolepsy

A

= sleep attacks

  • Enter REM-Sleep right away
  • inappropriate activation of the cataplexy pathway normally restricted to REM sleep
  • When strong emotional reactions (laughter & anger) sudden physical effort
41
Q

Cataplexy

A

varying amounts of muscle weakness up to paralysis while being conscious

42
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

person dreams while lying awake, paralysed

43
Q

REM behaviour disorder (RBD)

=

A

acting out of dreams during REM-sleep

  • Motor cortex very active but normally motor neurons inhibited
  • Damage to nucleus magnocellularis which controls muscle relaxation during REM sleep
44
Q

REM-Sleep deprivation

A
  • The longer the deprivation the more often initiation of REM sleep (had to be woken up more often)
  • Default theory: difficult for brain to stay in NREM sleep so periodically changes to one of the other states
  • If immediate bodily needs: switch to wakefulness, if not REM
  • REM functions to prepare body for waking
45
Q

REM rebound

A

more REM sleep the first few nights after deprivation

46
Q

Sleep deprivation increases the efficiency of sleep

A
  • deprived have higher proportion of slow wave sleep that seems to serve as main restorative function
  • Regain only small proportion of sleep but most of SWS
  • Less sleep – same amount of SWS
  • Waking up from SWS has major effect on sleepiness the next day
47
Q

hypnotic drugs like Benzodiazepines

A

-increase sleep

GABA agonists

48
Q

Anti-hypnotic drugs

A

reduce sleep

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