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body and behavior > Task 5 - Senosrimotor s > Flashcards

Task 5 - Senosrimotor s Flashcards

1
Q

hierarchially organized

A

information flows from highest level (association cortex) to the lowest level of system (muscles)

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2
Q

efferent neurons

A

send impulses from the CNS to our limbs and organs

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3
Q

afferent neurons

A

receive information from sensory organs (eye, skin) and transmit this input to CNS

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4
Q

functional segregation

A

each neural structure performs a different functio

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5
Q

motor output guided by sensory output?

A

-Our body has mechanisms to monitor what is coming in (sensory) and what it goes out in response (motor).

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6
Q

Sensory feedback

A

feedback within sensory systems where info from sensory receptors is returned along afferent pathways -> so brain can monitor consequences of actions

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7
Q

Ballistic movements

A

Occur too fast to be modified by feedback

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8
Q

sensorimotor learning

A

when we first learn, each individual response is performed under conscious control -> after practice, responses become more organized and you do them without conscious regulation

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9
Q

electromyography EMG

A

electrical recording of muscle activity

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10
Q

fast twitch muscle fibers

A
  • muscle that contracts rapidly but fatigues quickly

- quick movements like jumping ->contract and relax quickly

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11
Q

slow twitch muscle fibers

A

muscle fiber that contacts slowly and weaker but able to sustain contraction longer
-movements like walking

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12
Q

Sensorimotor association cortex

A

top of sensorimotor hierarchy and divided into two areas

  1. posterior parietal association cortex
  2. dorsolateral parietal association cortex
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13
Q

posterior parietal association cortex

A

directing behaviour by providing spatial information

  • directing attention ->receives input from more than one sensory input (visual, auditory and somatosensory system)
  • most of the output goes to the secondary (non-primary) motor cortex or to the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex
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14
Q

what happens if we damage posterior parietal cortex?

A

a variety of deficits, deficts in the perception and memory of spatial relationships

  • in accurate reaching and grasping
  • in the control of eye movement
  • attention
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15
Q

Aprexia

A

difficulty making specific movements when they are requested to do so, if they don’t think about it they are able to move

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16
Q

Contralateral neglect

A

Disturbance of ability to respond to stimuli on side of body opposite to side of brain lesion

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17
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

A

location: frontal cortex, anterior to precentral gyrus
- identify and respond to objects
- iINTERACTS with posterior parietal to initiate voluntary movements
- METAMEMORY (self-awareenss of memo)

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18
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal a.c. input

A

receives info from posterior parietal cortex

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19
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal a.c.

output

A

sends info to areas of secondary motor cortex

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20
Q

Dorsolateral neurons

A

send the info out

  • their activation depends on location and characteristic pf objects and the combi of the two
  • fire first in response
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21
Q

what happens if we damage dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

Confabulation : unable to distinguish are true memory from a false or inappropriate for cortext (bcs dorsolat is important for meta memory)

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22
Q

Secondary motor cortex

A

location: posterior part of frontal gyro
function: storage of programs of motor activity from past experience
- control of movement

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23
Q

primary direction of information flow

A

in sensory systems, information mainly flows up the hierarchy
; in the sensorimotor system, information mainly flows down

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24
Q

electrical stimulation of PPAC

A

causes patients to experience the intent to perform a particular action

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25
Q

what causes apraxia?

A

unilateral damage to the left posterior parietal lobe or its connections; would have difficulty making specific movements

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26
Q

what happens with contralateral neglect?

A

left side of their world down not exist. fail to appreciate that they have a problem

27
Q

three major areas of secondary motor cortex

A

premotor, supplementary, and cingulate

28
Q

supplementary motor area

A

wraps over the top of the frontal lobe and extends down its medial surface into its longitudinal fissue

29
Q

Primary motor cortex

A 
location: precentral gyrus of frontal lobe 
function : execution of body movements (hand and mouth)t
30
Q

premotor cortex

A

runs in a strip from the supplementary motor area to the lateral fissure

31
Q

cingulate motor areas

A

three small areas in the cortex of the cingulate gyrus

32
Q

motor homunculus

A

motor cortex is organized in a somatotopic manner; according to a body map

33
Q

damage to primary motor cortex

A

small lesions often have minimal effects; large lesions may disrupt a patient’s ability to move one body part independently of others

34
Q

Mirrorneurons

A

neurons that fire when an individual performs a particular goal-directed hand movement or when she or he observes the same goal-directed movement performed by another; neural basis of learning by imitation

35
Q

when are mirror neurons active

A

up to 50% of neurons in sensorimotor cortex are active when imagining or watches an action ; body does not move when mirror neurons fire because the overall level of activity is lower than needed

36
Q

basal ganglia and cerebellum

A

interact at many levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy; coordinate and modulate; may permit maintenance of visually-guided responses despite cortical damage

37
Q

cerebellum

A
  • 10% of brain mass and 50% of brain neurons

- is organized stematically in lobes columns and layers

38
Q

cerebellum involved in

A

timing, fine-tuning, and motor learning

39
Q

basal ganglia

A

act as a filter, blocking plans that are inappropriate.

-Example – Inhibiting automatic, environment-triggered responses such as grasping food.

40
Q

BASAL GANGLIA input

A

primary motor cortex
primary somatosensory cortex
substania nigra- dopamine

41
Q

Basal ganglia output

A

Primary motor cortex
supplementary motor area
premotor cortex

42
Q

damage to basal?

A
  • Parkinson’s disease – Problems controlling speech, movement and posture.
  • Huntington’s disease – Disorder in which nerve cells in certain parts of the brain waste away, degenerate.
  • Wilson’s disease – Disorder causing too much copper in the body’s tissues.
  • Dystonia – Muscle tone problems.
  • Progressive supranuclear palsy – Movement disorder from damage to certain nerve cells in the brain.
  • -»Mostly movement disorders
43
Q

withdrawal reflex

A
  • the contraction of a muscle when a painful stimulus is encountered
  • NOT monosynaptic and it takes longer
  • > does not go to the brain
44
Q

1.Dorsolateral corticospinal tract

A

direct
contralateral
distal muscle -> finger tips, fine momvement
-towards the back and on the side

45
Q

2.Dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract

A

indirect
contralateral
rubro= stop at red nucleus
distal muscle -> finger tips, fine momvement

46
Q

1.Ventromedial corticospinal tract

A

-direct pathway
-towards the belly and medial
Ipsilateral
-proximal muscles-> legs, arm, shoulders

47
Q

2.Ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract

A 
indirect 
-stops at the brainstem
-towards the belly and medial 
Ipsilateral 
-proximal muscles-> legs, arm, shoulders
48
Q

Tectum

A

receives auditory and visual info about spatial info

49
Q

vestibular nucleus

A

receives info about balance from receptors of inner ear

50
Q

reticular formation

A

contains motorprogams that regulate complex movements like walking swimming jumping

51
Q

motor nuclei

A

controls muscle of face

52
Q

similarity of the two pathways

A
  • Both have two major tracts, 1.one whose axons descend directly to the spinal cord
    2. another whose axons synapse in the brain stem on neurons that in turn descend to the spinal cord
53
Q

sensorimotor spinal circuits

A
  • lowest level -> hierarchy
  • consisting of the spinal circuits and the muscles they control
  • circuits are capable of independent functioning
54
Q

motor unit

A
  • also called moton neuron

- motor in the brain or spinal cord that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle or gland

55
Q

motor end plate

A
  • Acetylcholine, which is released by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions
  • > activates it on each muscle fiber and causes the muscle to contract.
56
Q

Flexors

A

act to bend or flex a joint (=biceps)

57
Q

Extensors

A

Act to straighten or extend a joint (=triceps)

58
Q

Synergistic muscles

A

-Two muscles whose contraction produces the same movement

59
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

Two muscles that act in opposition (biceps – triceps).

60
Q

Isometric contradiction

A

Activation of a muscle that increases the tension that it exerts on two bones without shortening and pulling them together

61
Q

Dynamic contradiction

A

shortening the muscle and pulling it together

-muscle tension can be increased by increasing number of neurons in its motor pool that are firing

62
Q

skeletal muscles

A

are attached to bones by tendons, and they produce all the movements of body parts in relation to each other
->voluntary control

63
Q

smooth muscles

A

consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus
-not voluntary

body and behavior (7 decks)

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