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body and behavior > Task 1- Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Task 1- Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior/ Rostral

A

Towards the nose end

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2
Q

Posterior/Caudal

A

Towards the tail end

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3
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back or top of the head

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4
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the chest or bottom of the head

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the middle

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7
Q

Inferior

A

Lower or Below

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8
Q

Superior

A

Upper or above

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9
Q

CNS

A

-brain and spinal cord
-‘central’ because: - combines info from entire body
and coordinates activity across the whole organism
-most protected system, covered by 3 meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • all nerves that lie outside of CNS
  • the role is to connect the CNS to organs limbs and skin
  • PNS allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send info to other areas of the body
  • Two divisions: 1.Somatic Nervous system (SNS)
    2. Automatic nervous system (ANS)
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11
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

(one of PNS division)

part that interacts with the external environment

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12
Q

Automatic nervous system (ANS)
↳Sympathetic nerves
↳Parasympathtic nerves

A

(one of PNS division)
-a part in charge of regulating the body’s internal environment
∙Sympathetic nerves: project from CNS in lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord
∙Parasympathetic nerves: project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord

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13
Q

Meninges

A
  • Protective tissue/membranes of the brain
  • Consists of 3 different layers
    1. Dura mater
    2. Arachnoid membrane
    3. Pia mater
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14
Q

Meninges: 1.Dura mater
↳Falx
↳Tentorium

A
  • Most outer layer; Thick and tough, Flexible but not stretchable
  • Two special dural folds:
    1. Falx: Separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain
    2. Tentorium: Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
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15
Q

Meninges: 2.Arachnoid membrane

↳Subdural Space

A

-Middle layer; thin, web-like membrane that covers the entire brain; made of plastic tissue
↳Subdural space: Space between dura and arachnoid membranes

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16
Q

Meninges: 3.Pia mater

A

-Third layer; surrounds brain and spinal cord;
-has many blood vessels that reach deep into the brain
↳Subarachnoid space : Space between the arachnoid and pia mater; Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

function of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

function:
1. protection: acts as a cushion in the brain, limits neural damage
2. Buoyancy: brains weight is reduced, prevents excessive pressure
3. Chemical stability’: creates an environment that allows proper functioning of the brain
‣takes oxygen out of the brain and sends whatever the brain doesn’t need to the blood

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18
Q

Ventricles; Ventricular System

A
  • Set of 4 interconnected ventricles in the brain, where CSF is produced
  • within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus,
  • responsible for the production, transport and removal of cerebrospinal fluid
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19
Q

Lateral ventricles (left and right)

A
  • Located within their respective hemispheres of the cerebrum
  • volume increases with age
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20
Q

Third ventricle

A

situated in between the right and left thalamus

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21
Q

fourth ventricle

A

it receives CSF from the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
➝ from there the fluid drains into 2 places: central spinal canal and subarachnoid cisterns

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22
Q

Telencephalon

A

-frontal subdivision of forebrain
-largest part of the brain: composed of right and left hemispehres
-mediates brains most complex functions like: interpreting touch, vision and hearing,
speech, reasoning
emotions
learning and fine control of environment

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23
Q

corpus callosum (largest cerebral commisure)

A

the main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
-transmits messages from one side to another

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24
Q

Right hemisphere

A
  • Creativity, spatial ability, artistic/musical skills

- plays large part in interperting visual info and spatial processing

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25
Q

Left hemisphere

A

language and speech
comprehension
arithmetic and writing
dominant in hand use and language

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26
Q

(Cerebral) cortex

A
  • tissue layer of hemispheres
  • layer mainly composed of UNmyelinated (lack of myelina) and small neurons➝ Gray matter
  • layer beneath is w/ myelinated neurons➝White
  • foldings increase brain surface are =more neurons fit inside= enable higher function
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27
Q

Gyrus

A

Each fold

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28
Q

Sulcus

A

each wrinkle between folds

29
Q

Neocortex

2

A

-90% of cortex is called neocortex
-Neurons are divided into 2 different type of cells:
↳Pyramidal cells
↳Stellate cells

30
Q

(Neocortex)
Pyramidal cells
(3)

A
  • large multipolar neurons
  • pyramid-shaped bodies
  • large dendrite that extends from apex of pyramid towards cortex surface
31
Q

(Neocortex)

Stellate cells

A

small star shaped interneurons

↳neurons with small axon or without it

32
Q

Columnar organization

A

neurons course vertically through neocortex

↳vertically flow of info

33
Q

Hippocampus

4

A

-medial temporal lobe structure
-important for learning and memory, spatial awareness
-three major layers
-stabilization from short-term to long-term memory
➮In Alzeheimers diseasese, its first region to suffer damage (short-term memory loss and disorientaion)

34
Q

Fissure

A

large wrinkles in cortex

35
Q

Precentral gyri

3

A

motor strip

  • largest gyri in frontal lobe
  • situated in front of postcentral gyrus
36
Q

Postcentral gyri

A

receives somatosensory info from body (receptive area for sense of touch
-partieal lobe

37
Q

Superior temporal gyri

3

A
  • perceptions of emotions in facial stimuli
  • function of language, auditory processing
  • temporal lobe
38
Q

Cingulate gyrus

4

A

-processing emotions and behavior regulations
-autonomic motor function
-curved fold covering corpus callosum
-component of limbic system
➮ Damage to it: cognitive emotional behavioral disorders

39
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Largest fissure

-Cerebral Commisures ➮ Hemispheres connecting tracts

40
Q

Central fissure and Lateral fissure

A

divide each hemisphere in the 4 lobes

41
Q

Frontal Lobe

6

A
  • personality, behavior
  • emotions, judgment
  • planning, problem-solving
  • Speech: Speaking and writing (Broca’s area)
  • Body movement (motor strip)
  • Intelligence concentration. self-awareness
42
Q

Partial Lobe

A

Interprets language, words

Analyzes sensation from body such as touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)

43
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

interprets visual perceptions (color, light, movement)

visual input to guide our behavior

44
Q

Temporal Lobe

3

A
  • Superior temporal gyrus: hearing and Language (Wernicke’s area)
  • Inferior temporal cortex: Identifying complex visual pattern
  • Medial temporal cortex: certain kind of memory
45
Q

Broca’s Area (Left frontal lobe)

A

If damaged: difficulties moving tongue or facial muscles to produce sound of speech
➝ we can still read and understand spoken language
‘Brocas Aphasia’ - Difficulty in speaking and writing forming letters and words

46
Q

Wernicke’s Area (Left temporal lobe)

A

if damaged: ‘Wernicke’s Aphasia’

  • speak in long sentence with no sense, create new words
  • able to make speech sounds but not to understand it
47
Q

Aphasia

A

disturbance of language affecting speech production, comprehension, reading or writing due to brain injury (stroke or trauma)

48
Q

Limbic system

3

A
  • centre of our emotions, learning and memory
  • associated with regulation of motivated behavior (4 F’s: feeling, feeding, fighting, sex)
  • consists of hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, mammillary body, septum
49
Q

LS : Amygdala

4

A

-emotional reactions (fear, anxiety, aggression) memory, decision making
-located anterior temporal lobe
➮Responsible for emotional reactions of PTSD patients
➮Amygdala dysfunction is found in ppl with bipolar disorder
➮larger in male brain and sociopaths

50
Q

Fornix

3

A

-Major tract of limbic system
-connects mammillary bodies and hippocampus
→Damge can cause difficulty in recalling long term info

51
Q

Cingulate Cortex

2

A

-receives inputs from thalamus and neocortex
-involved with emotion formation and processing, learning and memory
➮important dissorders such as depression and schizophrenia

52
Q

Mammillary body

3

A
  • located on the undersurface of the brain ( part of diencephalon)
  • acts as relay for impulses from amygdala and hippoc.
  • altertness and memory formation
53
Q

Septum

A

-in middline of brain, attached to corpus callosum

➮Damage: developmental disorders (vision difficulty, low muscle tone, hormonal problems, seizures, intellectual probs

54
Q

Basal Ganglia

2

A

-group of forebrain nuclei ( work with cerebellum to coordinate fine motors - fingertips movem.)
-plays a role in voluntary motor responses (Damage: momement impaiments)
➮Parkinsons d.
➮Huntingtons d.

55
Q

Diencephalon

2

A

coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture and balance

-consists of thalamus and hypothal.

56
Q

Thalamus

A

-sort of communication centre, gets info from different lobes and gives it to other brain areas

57
Q

Hypothalamus

4

A

-control of autonomic system
‣eating, sleeping, sexual behav.
‣regulate body temp., blood pressure, emotions
‣secrete hormones that control sex. devel. promote bone and muscle growth and respond to stress

58
Q

Optic chiasm

A

optic nerves from each eye come together

59
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

2 division: Tectum Tegmentum

60
Q

Tectum

3

A

Dorsal portion of midbrain
Superior colliculi : Anterior Part (visual)
Inferior c. : Posterior Part (auditory)

61
Q

Metencephalon

A

subdivision of hindbrain that includes cerebellum and pons

62
Q

Reticular formation

A

exerts some control over which sensory signals reach cerebellum and come to our conscious attention

63
Q

Pons

4

A
  • portion of metencephalon
  • part of brainstem connecting midbrain to medulla
  • breathing, communication between diffr parts of brain
  • hearing, taste, balance
64
Q

Cerebellum (4)

A
  • important sensorimotor structure
  • receives info from sensory system, spinal cord, ..
  • regulates motor movement
  • located back of the brain dorsal to pons
65
Q

Myelencephalon = Medulla

3

A
  • posterior part of the hindbrain
  • plays a role in arousal
  • various nuclei of reticular formation are involved in sleeping, attention, movement, muscle maintenance, respiratory reflexes
66
Q

Brain stem

4

A
  • consists of midbrain (mesencephalon), pons (metencephalon) medulla ( myelencephalon)
  • provides the main motor and sensory distribution to face and neck via cranial nerves
  • regulates sleep cycle, CNS, maintain consciousness
  • regulate cardiac and respiratory function
  • most primitive area
67
Q 
Brain functions 
(5)
A
  • Processing info (determines if info irrelevant or important
  • sending signals ( neurons, signal passed on by substances = Neurotransmitters)
  • Modules and connections (different parts do diffo things)
  • Individuality
  • Plasticity (brain tissue can be stregthend depending on how much we exercise it)
68
Q

Which brain parts are essential for living?

7

A
  • Medulla (breathing, heart rate; damage=death)
  • Pons ( critical respiratory centers)
  • Amygdala (sex, emotions- anger fear, mental condtion -> depression)
  • Brainstem (digestion, heart rate)
  • Hippocampus ( long.term memories, could not live in present)
  • Thalamus (we would die or lose all our senses)
  • Cerebellum (controls voluntary movements, language, memory, emotion)
69
Q

How does damage to a particular area affect other parts?

A

-brain divided in 2 halves
-left half controls movement and sensation in the right side
and right half controls left side

body and behavior (7 decks)

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