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body and behaviour > task 6 > Flashcards

task 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The three standard psychophysiological bases for defining sleep in stages

A
  1. electrocehalogram (EEG)
  2. electrooculogam (EOG)
  3. electromyogram (EMG)
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2
Q

first-night phenomenon

A

the disturbance of seep observed during the first night in a sleep laboratory.

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3
Q

there are…. stages if sleep

A

4

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4
Q

just before sleep (as seen on a EEG)

A
  • alpha waves : waxing and waning bursts of 8-13 Gz
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5
Q

stage 1

A
  • low voltage, high frequency (slower than that of alert wakefulness)
  • also called REM sleep
  • loss of cire-muscle tone
  • ceberal activity (bloodflow, neuron firing) increases till waking levels in many brainstructures
  • general increase in the variability of the autonomic nervous system system (respiration, blood pressure)
  • penile erection in males
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6
Q

stages 2

A
  • gradual increase in voltage and decrease in frequency compared to stage 1
  • K complex: a large negative wave (upwards), followed by a single large positive wave (downwards)
  • sleep spindle: waxing and waning outbursts of 12-14 Hz waves
  • NREM sleep (non-rem sleep)
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7
Q

stage 3

A
  • gradual increase in voltage and decrease in frequency compared to stage 1 and 2
  • occasional presence of delta waves
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8
Q

delta waves

A

the largest and slowest EEG waves, with a frequency of 1-2 Hz

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9
Q

stage 4

A
  • gradual increase in voltage and decrease in frequency compared to the other stages
  • a predominance of delta waves
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10
Q

initial stage 1 EEG

A
  • first period of stage 1 EEG

- not marked striking EOG or EMG changes

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11
Q

emergent stage 1 EEG

A
  • subsequent periods of stage 1 sleep EEG
  • REMs
  • loss of tone in the muscle of the body core
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12
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement

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13
Q

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

A

sleep 3 and 4 together ( =because of delta waves)

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14
Q

Freud on dreams

A

manifest dreams (sleep dreams) are merely disguised versions of our latent dreams (real dreams)

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15
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

the information supplied by the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and that the resulting dream is the cortex’s effort to make sense of these random signals.

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16
Q

recuperation theories of sleep

A

being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it

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17
Q

adaptation theories of sleep

A
  • sleep is the result of an internal 24-hour timing mechanism.
  • To conserve energy resources and to be less susceptible to predation in the dark
  • sleep is a behaviour we are highly motivated to engage in, but not necessary to stay healthy
18
Q

the effects of sleep deprivation are often difficult to study because they are often cofounded by

A

stress

19
Q

sleep deprivation leads to (3)

A
  1. increase in sleepiness
  2. worse performance on written tests of mood
  3. worse performance on tests of vigilance (computer screen responding)
20
Q

sleep deprivation impacts which cognitive function

A

worse performance on tests of executive function

21
Q

executive function

A

cognitive abilities that appear to depend on the prefrontal cortex. For example, innovative thinking, lateral thinking, assimilating new information to update plans and strategies.

22
Q

physiological consequences of sleep deprivation

A
  • reduced body temperature
  • increased blood pressure
  • decreases in some aspects of immune function
  • hormonal changes
  • metabolic changes
23
Q

microsleeps

A

brief periods of sleep (2-3 seconds long) during which the eyelids drop and you become less responsive to external stimuli while your still standing or sitting

24
Q

the carousel apparatus is used to

A

deprive an experimental rat of leep

25
Q

REM sleep deprivation has two effects

A
  1. following REM sleep deprivation, someone display a REM rebound
  2. with each successive night of REM sleep deprivation, there is a greater tendency for participants to initiate REM sequences.
26
Q

REM rebound

A

people will have more than usual amount of RE sleep for the first two nights after the REM sleep deprivation

27
Q

mnemonic function

A

pertaining to memory

28
Q

according to the default theory of REM sleep

A
  • it is difficult to stay continuously in NREM sleep, so the brain periodically switches to one of the other two states.
  • REM sleep and wakefulness are similar states
29
Q

antidepressants reduce

A

REM sleep

30
Q

sleep deprivation causes sleepers to become more efficient because

A
  • sleep deprived have a higher proportion of slow-wave sleep, which is the main restorative function
31
Q

circadian rhythms

A

rhythms lasting about a day

32
Q

nocturnal animals

A

animals that sleep during the day and stay awake at night

33
Q

zeitgebers

A

environmental cues, such as light-dark cycle, that can control the timing of the circadian rhythms

34
Q

circadian rhythms are

A
  • freerunning rhythms

- freerunning period

35
Q

the biological clock habitually runs

A

-slow unless it is entrained by timerelated cues in the environment (25 hours instead of 24)

36
Q

internal desynchronization

A

when subjects are housed in constant laboratory environments, their sleep-wake cycle and body temperature cycles sometimes break away from one another

37
Q

jet lag occurs when

A

the zeitgebers that control the phases of various circadian rhythms are accelerated during west-bound flights (phase advances) or decelerated during east-bound flights ( phase delays)

38
Q

what happens in shift work

A

the zeitgebers stay the same, but workers are forced to adjust their natural sleep-wake cyclus in order to meet the demands of their work schedule.

39
Q

2 ways of reducing jet lag

A
  1. gradually shifting someone sleep-wake cycle in the days prior to the flight
  2. administering treatments after the flight that promote the required shift in the circadian rhythm
40
Q

circadian clock

A

internal timing mechanism that by using physiological systems regulate sleep

41
Q

suprachiasmatic nuclei

A
  • SCN
  • located in the medial hypothalamus
  • disrupts circadian cycles therefore contains a circadian timing mechanism
42
Q

There are minor circadian clocks in mammals for example

A

cells from other parts of the body display free-running circadian cycles of activity when maintained in tissue culture

body and behaviour (6 decks)

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