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body and behaviour > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

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2
Q

unipolar neuron

A

a neuron with one process extending from its cell body

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3
Q

multipolar neuron

A

a neuron with more than two processes extending form its cell body

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4
Q

bipolar neuron

A

a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body

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5
Q

interneurons (schakelneuronen)

A

neurons with a short or no axon. Function is to integrate the neural activity within a single brain structure.

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6
Q

nuclei

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system

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7
Q

ganglia

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous syste,

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8
Q

nucleus has two different meanings

A
  1. it is a structure in the neuron cell body

2. it is a cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

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9
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons in the CNS

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10
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

Kinds of glial cells

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann Cells
  3. Microglia
  4. Astrocytes
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12
Q

Schwann cells function

A
  • increase speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.

- guide axonal regeneration (regrowth) after damage

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13
Q

4 neuroanatomical techniques

A
  1. Golgi Stain - using nitrate and dichromate to view the silhouettes of a few neurons.
  2. Nissl Stain - using cresol violet to estimate the number of cellbodies in an area
  3. Electron Microscopy - provides information about the details of neuronal structures
  4. neuroanatomical tracing techniques- to trace the paths of axons by injecting chemicals in a specific brain area.
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14
Q

membrane potential

A

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell

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15
Q

resting potential

A

steadily membrane potential (inside the cell) of -70 mV

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16
Q

sodium-potassium pumps

A

natrium-kalium pumps: Transport / exchange 3 Na ions inside the neuron for 2 Ka ions outside the neuron

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17
Q

neurotransmitter may depolarize the receptive membrane

A

from -70 to -67mV

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18
Q

neurotransmitters may hyperpolarize the receptive membrane

A

from -70 to -72 mV

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19
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials –> EPSPs

A

are postsynaptic depolarizations, who increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire

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20
Q

Both EPSPs and IPSPs are graded responses

A

amplitude of the potentials are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them (weak signals–> small postsynaptic potentials)

21
Q

Two characteristics of the transmission of the Postsynaptic potentials

A
  • rapid

- the transmission is decremental ( the potential decreases in amplitude as they travel trough a neuron)

22
Q

action potentials are generated:

A

in the adjacent (aangrenzend) section of the axon

23
Q

threshold of excitation

A

the action potential is elicited when the depolarization of the neuron reaches -65mV

24
Q

All-or-none responses

A

action potentials occur to their full extend or don’t occur at all. ( EPSPs and IPSPs on the other hand, have different levels of responding)

25
Q

Neurons integrate postsynaptic potentials in 2 ways:

A
  1. spatial summation: 2 EPSPs tegelijkertijd versterken elkaar, 1 EPSPs en 1 EPSPs tegelijkertijd cancel each other out.
  2. temporal summation: postsynaptic potentials produced in rapid succession at the same synaps increase/decrease the signal
26
Q

voltage-activated channels

A

ion channels that open or close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential

27
Q

absolute refractory period

A

a brief period after the initiation of an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another one

28
Q

relative refractory period

A

the period during which it is possible to fire the neuron again, but only applying higher-than-normal levels of the stimulation. ( Not possible to create a second separate stimulation in this period)

29
Q

conduction of an AP along an axon differs from the conduction of EPSPs/IPSPs in 2 ways:

A
  1. conduction of Aps along an axon is non decremental, and IPSPs and EPSPs are decremental.
  2. APs are conducted more slowly than postsynaptic potentials
30
Q

orthodromic conduction

A

axonal conduction in the natural direction: from the cell body to the terminal buttons

31
Q

antidromic conduction

A

Action potential that travels from the terminal end of an axon along the axon to the cell body

32
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

the gaps between adjacent myelin segments

33
Q

quality of myelination

A

it increases the speed of axonal conduction

34
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the transmission of APs in myelinated axons

35
Q

Conduction in interneurons is typically

A

passive and decremental (different than cells with long axons)

36
Q

neuron doctrine

A

the hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically and functionally

37
Q

mitochondrion

A

a cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell’s processes

38
Q

cell nucleus

A

(Cell kern) the spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes

39
Q

ribosomes

A

structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated to produce proteins

40
Q

dendrite

A

receptive surfaces of the neuron

41
Q

axon

A

carries action potentials from the cell body to other neurons

42
Q

cell body

A

soma

43
Q

axon collateral

A

a branch of an axon from a single neuron

44
Q

axon terminal

A

synaptic bouton, end of an axon which forms a synapse on a neuron

45
Q

motor neuron

A

A nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle or gland

46
Q

sensory neuron

A

A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment (light, odor, touch)

47
Q

interneuron

A

A neuron that is neither a sensory or motor neuron. It receives input from and sends output to other neurons

48
Q

arborization

A

the elaborate branching of the dendrites in some neurons

body and behaviour (6 decks)

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