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Action (Neuroscience) > Task 5 > Flashcards

Task 5 Flashcards

1
Q

5.1: Which part of the cerebral cortex is specialized for deciding on preferences for objects in the
environment based on their value?

A

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

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2
Q

5.1: Which three parts contribute to goal-oriented decision making in the PFC?

A

lPFC, OFC, MCC

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3
Q

5.1: What does the lPFC contribute to goal-oriented decision making?

A
  • -> state representation
  • represents utilities or values associated with states of environment
  • Neurons encode sensory evidence to determine appropriate action
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4
Q

5.1: What does an increasing value of expected reward increases reliability of?

A

state representation

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5
Q

5.1: What does the OFC contribute to goal-oriented decision making?

A

–> value representation

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6
Q

5.1: What does the OFC predict in regards to goal-oriented decision making?

A

Predicts rewards expected from different options & cues based on learned stimulus-reward association

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7
Q

5.1: What does a lesioned OFC lead to in regards to goal-oriented decision making?

A

people are not able to adjust decision-making strategies when no longer successful (i.e., Wisconsin Card Sorting Task)

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8
Q

5.1: What does the MCC contribute to goal-oriented decision making?

A
  • -> outcome evaluation
  • Represents possible actions to obtain rewards & their value
  • Outcome-related activity: update strategy after error
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9
Q

5.1: What does a lesioned MCC lead to regarding goal-oriented decision making?

A

Impaired ability to integrate outcome signals of previous choices for optimal decision making

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10
Q

5.1: What are utilities (neuroeconomics)?

A
  • decision making is choosing between alternative choices in order to maximise the outcome
  • -> each alternative can be assigned with a value which represents a preference
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11
Q
  1. 1: Why are neuro-economists interested in the “object-selection” part of the cortex?
    - -> where do utilities get updated?
A

Each outcome has some value (a utility) and people make decisions to maximize these values
–> updating of utilities via lPFC, OFC & MCC

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12
Q
  1. 2: Rushworth’s model of goal-directed decision making

- -> model with most support (a-c)

A

-3 steps:
1. lOFC= learning precise value representations
associated with each good
2. mOFC/vmPFC –> value comparison
3. MCC –> action value comparison

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13
Q

5.2: Which evidence is there to support Rushworth’s model (a-c)?

A
  • value difference signal in vmPFC
  • double dissociation btw stimulus-reward
    & action-reward associations
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14
Q

5.2: How does Rushworth’s model fit in the three-way division proposed by Lee et al. (2007)?

A

–> lOFC: learning & updating of value
representation (LEE: lPFC –> State Representation (environment))
–> vmPFC/mOFC: comparing of value representations (LEE: OFC –> Value Representation (expected outcome))
–> MCC: action value comparison / action selection (LEE: MCC–> Outcome Evaluation (action selection);
updates desirability of alternative option)

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15
Q

5.3: What does sensory-specific satiety mean?

A

= decrease of reward value is larger for the food eaten till satiety than for other foods

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16
Q
  1. 2: What is the difference to the first model proposed by Rushworth (a-b)?
    - -> What’s the role of the mOFC/vmPFC & the MCC?
A
  • mOFC/vmPFC: mainly involved in value expectations & NOT value comparison
  • MCC: finally does value comparison (NOT action value comparison in this model)
17
Q
  1. 3: Explain O’Doherty’s et al. experiment (sensory-specific satiety)
    - -> methods
A
  1. Rate pleasantness & intensity of odor of banana & vanilla
  2. fMRI scan while PP were hungry & presented with odor
  3. Eat banana till satiety
  4. Rate again
  5. fMRI scan while PP were presented with the same odors
18
Q

5.3: O’Doherty’s et al. experiment (sensory-specific satiety) –> rating results

A

pp rated banana significantly lower (less pleasant, negative) post-satiety than pre-satiety

19
Q

5.3: O’Doherty’s et al. experiment (sensory-specific satiety) –> fMRI results

A
  • Odor activated OFC
  • -> Activation decreased in response to odor of eaten food (banana), but not to the other food (vanilla)
  • -> In correspondence with pleasantness ratings
20
Q

5.3: O’Doherty’s et al. experiment –> conclusion (OFC)

A

OFC may be involved in storing & updating stimulus-reward associations

21
Q
  1. 3: OFC –> what’s special about what is stored there?

- -> What must arrive at OFC for updating to take place?

A
  • what is stored is highly object & reward specific

- feedback signals must arrive at OFC in the brain for the updating to take place

22
Q

5.3: O’Doherty’s et al. experiment –> what do results suggest about OFC? (Rushworth’s model?)

A
  • in line with Rushworth’s model

- lOFC assigns values & updates these later after feedback from mOFC/vmPFC

23
Q

5.4: Why would damage to the cerebral part of the reward system (in particular, vmPFC) lead to personality change?

A
  • Disrupt value-guided decision making

- vmPFC –> important for self-perception & self-knowledge

24
Q

5.4: What aspect of meaningful, goal-oriented behavior is lost or becomes difficult after damage to this part of the brain?

A
  • self-perception

- value-guided decisions (e.g., Phineas Gage could not hold a job & showed dysfunctional social behaviour)

25
Q

5.4: What does damaged OFC lead to?

A
  • dysfunctional social behaviour

- usually OFC enables accurate insight into one’s behaviour

26
Q

5.5: When is the Default Mode Network(=DMN) usually active?

A
  • Wakeful rest, mind wandering, day dreaming,…

- „Baseline mode“

27
Q

5.5: Which brain areas consist of the DMN?

A

mPFC, PCC, angular gyrus

28
Q

5.5: What DMN node is relevant here? What functions are generally associated with this node?

A
  • vmPFC: affective node

- Involved in self referential information processing

29
Q

5.5: Why would this node (vmPFC) be relevant for goal-directed decision making?

A
  • Essential role in goal-oriented decision making

- important for self-perception & self-knowledge

30
Q

5.5: Why is vmPFC relevant for personality?

A
  • „Value for the self“
  • -> Important for knowing personal preferences – determine utility of an object
  • Largely unconscious
31
Q

5.5: What is the pattern of (de)activation of the DMN?

A
  • Deactivates less when people make self-referential judgments
  • When thinking about so else –> deactivates vmPFC more
32
Q

5.6: Which evidence is there in support of the claim made by Rushworth that goal-directed decision making requires a division between selecting of objects & selecting of actions? –> STEP 1: value comparison

A

vmPFC/OFC

  • lesions: not able to modify behavior; not as flexible in assigning values –> Iowa Gambling Task;
  • dysfunctional social behavior
  • cannot make decisions based on values for behavior
  • represents cues of environment e.g., also social cues
33
Q

5.6: Which evidence is there in support of the claim made by Rushworth that goal-directed decision making requires a division between selecting of objects & selecting of actions? –> STEP 2: action value comparison

A
  • lesions in MCC: disrupts action-reward associations, but not stimulus-reward associations
  • lesioned MCC: not able to integrate signals that are relevant for action selection outcomes

Action (Neuroscience) (8 decks)

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